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Israel
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1948 |
Charles Winters, a Miami businessman, broke US law to supply B-17 bombers to Jews fighting in Israel’s war of independence. In 1949 he was convicted for violating the Neutrality Act, for which he was fined $5,000 and sentenced to 18 months in prison. In 2008 Pres. Bush granted Winters a posthumous pardon. Links: USA, Israel, Aviation, Florida 
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1948 |
Lehi (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel), also known as the Stern Gang, was disbanded. Links: Israel
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1949 |
Yizhar Smilanksy, under the pen-name S. Yizhar) authored “Khirbet Khizeh,” a novella based on his experience in clearing a Palestinian village on the Israeli side of the 1949 ceasefire line. Links: Israel, Palestine, Books
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1950 Sep 24 |
In "Operation Magic Carpet" all Jews from Yemen moved to Israel. Links: Israel, Yemen
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1952 Sep 10 |
Germany and Israel signed the Luxembourg Agreement, an accord about recovery payments. West Germany agreed to pay Israel a sum of 3 billion marks over the next fourteen years. It was signed by West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett and World Jewish Congress President Nahum Goldmann. Links: Germany, Israel, Holocaust
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1953 Oct 14 |
Ariel Sharon, who had formed the elite Israeli commando unit "101" to fight Palestinian guerrillas, led it in a raid against the Jordanian village of Qibya killing some 70 civilians. Links: Israel, Jordan
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1953 |
In Israel Shimon Peres (b.1923) became the youngest ever Director General of the Ministry of Defense. He was involved in arms purchases and establishing strategic alliances that were important for the State of Israel. Links: Israel
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1954 |
Israel established an enemy infiltrators law. It allowed the government to hold people without judicial revue if they were deemed to be security threats. Links: Israel
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1955 Feb 13 |
Israel acquired 4 of 7 Dead Sea scrolls. Israel already had 3 scrolls, acquired in 1947. The 4 scrolls were purchased from a Christian clergyman, a Syrian Orthodox archbishop. The price, according to the New York Times, was an estimated $300,000. Links: Israel
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1955 Mar 1 |
An Israeli retaliation in Gaza is reported as having killed 37 Egyptians and wounded 29 others. Palestinians stoned the United Nations Gaza office. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1956 Sep 30 |
An Israeli delegation presented France with a fabricated reason for war in Egypt. The details were agreed on at a secret meeting in Sevres. Israel proposed to invade Egypt and then let France and Britain come in as peacekeepers and occupy the Suez Canal. Links: Britain, France, Egypt, Israel
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1956 Oct 23 |
Britain’s PM Anthony Eden admitted to the cabinet that secret conversations had been held in Paris with representatives of the Israeli government. Links: Britain, France, Israel
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1956 Oct 29 |
During the Suez Canal crisis, Israel launched an invasion of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. Paratroopers under Ariel Sharon dropped into Sinai to open the Straits of Tiran. The Sinai Campaign, also known as Operation Kadesh, lasted eight days to November 5, 1956. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1956 Oct 29 |
At Kafr Kassem village 49 Palestinians were massacred by Israeli border guards enforcing a curfew. Links: Israel, Palestine, Massacre
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1956 Nov 2 |
The UN passed an American resolution, 64 to 5, for a ceasefire at the Suez Canal in Egypt. The General Assembly took up a Canadian suggestion for an emergency force to monitor the ceasefire. The UN Emergency Force (UNEF) became the first “blue hat” UN peacekeepers. Links: Canada, Britain, USA, France, UN, Egypt, Israel
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1956 Nov 2 |
Gaza was occupied by the Israeli army and evacuated in March 1957. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1956 Nov 6 |
Pressure from the US and USSR effected a cease-fire in the Middle-East. The UN created an emergency force (UNEF) to supervise a cease fire. Britain’s PM Anthony Eden called French PM Guy Mollet to tell him that Britain was aborting operations in Egypt. German chancellor Konrad Adenauer, meeting with Mollet, remarked that Europe must unite to counter the influence of the United States. Links: Russia, Britain, USA, France, Germany, EU, Israel, USSR
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1956 Nov 7 |
Britain’s PM Anthony Eden surrendered to American demands and stopped British operations in Egypt’s Canal Zone. Links: Britain, Egypt, Israel
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1957 Mar 12 |
In Israel Rudolf Kasztner, hailed by admirers as a Holocaust hero for saving thousands of Jews, was assassinated by Jewish extremists. Critics had reviled him as a collaborator who "sold his soul." Kasztner, a Zionist leader in Hungary during World War II, headed the Relief and Rescue Committee, a small Jewish group that negotiated with Nazi officials to rescue Hungarian Jews in exchange for money, goods and military equipment. Links: Israel, Holocaust
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1958 |
Mourad Faham smuggled the Aleppo Codex out of Syria to Turkey and then to Jerusalem, where it was presented to the president of Israel. In 1982 the first missing page, from the Book of Chronicles, surfaced in New York and was sent to join rest of the manuscript. In 2007 another fragment, a piece from the Exodus story of the 10 plagues, was sent to Jerusalem. Sam Sabbagh, an Aleppo Jew living in New York, had carried it in wallet for decades as good luck charm. Links: Turkey, Israel, Syria, Bible
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1958 |
Israeli scholars at Hebrew Univ. began working on the Bible Project. They sought to publish an authoritative edition of the Old Testament, also known as the Hebrew Bible, tracking every single evolution of the text over centuries and millennia. Links: Israel, Bible
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1959 Jun |
Britain shipped 20 tons of heavy water to Israel. The information, made public in 2005, revealed that the water was vital for the production of plutonium at Israel's secret Dimona nuclear reactor in the Negev desert. The documents revealed that heavy water was transported from a British port in Israeli ships in two shipments, half in June 1959 and half a year later. Links: Britain, Israel, Nuclear
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1959 Jul 1 |
Israeli Knesset agreed to weapon sales to West Germany. Links: Germany, Israel
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1959 |
Britain shipped 20 tons of heavy water to Israel. The information, made public in 2005, revealed that the water was vital for the production of plutonium at Israel's secret Dimona nuclear reactor in the Negev desert. Links: Britain, Israel, Nuclear
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1961 Feb 7 |
Immanuel Olsvanger (b.1888), Polish-born Jewish folklorist, died in Israel. Links: Israel
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1961 |
Israel’s secret service, Mossad, sent a parcel bomb to Alois Brunner (b.1912), a fugitive Nazi. It cost him an eye. Another parcel bomb in July, 1980, took four fingers. He was last seen alive by reliable witnesses in 1992, and by journalists in 1996. Links: Israel, Nazi, Espionage
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1962 May 31 |
Adolph Eichmann (b.1906), Gestapo official and Nazi war criminal, was hanged near Tel Aviv, Israel, for his role in the Nazi murder of over one million Jews. He had been nabbed in Argentina by Peter Malkin in 1960 and taken to Israel for trial. This was the first execution to take place in the state Israel. Eichmann completed 1,300 notebook pages while in prison and they were OK'd for publication in 1999. In 1963 Hannah Arendt authored "Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil." Links: Germany, Israel, Holocaust, Nazi
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1963 Jun 21 |
Levi Eshkol began serving as Israel’s 3rd prime minister. Links: Israel
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1963 1994 |
King Hussein of Jordan (1935-1999) held at least 55 secret meetings with leading Israelis including at least seven prime and foreign ministers. Links: Israel, Jordan
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1964 |
The Sergei Courtyard in Jerusalem, part of a compound that had belonged to Moscow patriarchy, was sold for $3.5 million in oranges. In 2008 Israel agreed to transfer it back to Russia. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1965 May 18 |
Eli Cohen, who arrived in Syria in 1962, was hanged in a public square in Damascus for spying for Israel until his capture. As businessman Kamal Amin Thabit he worked his way into the upper echelons of Syrian government and society, feeding Israel with valuable political and military intelligence. Links: Israel, Syria, Espionage
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1965 Jul 7 |
Moshe Sharett, Israel’s 2nd prime minister (1954-1955), died. Links: Israel
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1965 |
Teddy Kollek (1911-2007) was elected as mayor of Jerusalem. He sought to bring Arabs into the Jewish governed city as social and economic equals. In 1993 he was defeated in a run for a 7th term by Ehud Olmert of the Likud Party. Links: Israel
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1965 |
Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz (b.1938) began his translation and commentary on the Talmud. In 2010 he published the last book of his 46-volume series. His translation of the Talmud from Aramaic to Hebrew, with his own added comments, marked his crowning achievement. Links: Israel, Books, Religion
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1965 |
Israel’s Netafim began on a Kibbutz in the Negev desert as a firm selling drip irrigations systems. By 2011 it boasted sales of over $600 million. Links: Israel, Agriculture
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1966 |
In South Africa PM B.J. Vorster (1915-1983) appointed P.W. Botha (1916-2006) as defense minister. In 2010 it was revealed that Botha, as South Africa’s defense minister, asked for nuclear warheads from Israel and that Israel’s defense minister Shimon Peres offered them in 3 sizes. Links: South Africa, Israel, Nuclear
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1967 Jun 1 |
In Israel pressure from the army and a threat by some parties to quit the governing coalition forced PM Levi Eshkol to bring in Moshe Dayan as defense minister. Links: Israel
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1967 Jun 8 |
On the 4th day of the Six-Day War Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, as well as the West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem from Jordan. Israel’s occupation of Gaza continued for the next 38 years. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Jordan
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1967 Jun 10 |
The Six-Day Middle East War ended as Israel and Syria agreed to observe a United Nations-mediated cease-fire. Israel took Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt, Old Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. In 2002 Michael B. Oren authored "Six Days of War: June 1967 and the making of the Modern Middle East." Israeli military historian Arieh Yitzhaki later said that his research showed Israeli troops killed 300 Egyptian prisoners of war. Israel said soldiers on both sides committed atrocities. In 2007 Tom Segev authored “1967: Israel, the War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East.” Links: UN, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Jordan
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1967 |
Michael Bar-Zohar authored "The Avengers." It covered the story of Holocaust survivors who formed a death squad after World War II to take revenge on their Nazi persecutors. One operation included attempts to poison hundreds of SS officers imprisoned after the war by the Americans at Dachau and Nuremberg in Germany. The group's 40 or so members were largely Jews who had not been sent to concentration camps and spent the war fighting Nazis. Links: Israel, Jews, Holocaust, Nazi, Books
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1968 Jan 24 |
An Israeli submarine, the Dakar, a British-made submarine with a 69-man crew, was lost in the Mediterranean Sea while enroute from England to Israel. The sunken ship was found May 28, 1999, between Crete and Cyprus. Links: Britain, Israel, Submarine
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1968 Mar 21 |
Israeli forces attacked a Palestinian base belonging to Fatah in the village of Al-Karameh in Jordan. Israeli forces engage in a battle with Palestinian fighters for the first time. On 24 March 1968, the Security Council adopted resolution 248 (1968), condemning the large scale and premeditated military actions by Israel against Jordan. The Karameh mission failed. Muki Betser, Israeli commando, was wounded. He later became commander of the Say-eret Matkal, Israel’s elite counter-terrorist unit. Links: Israel, Palestine, Jordan
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1968 May 12 |
In Israel the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Day Law, making the day a national holiday. Israel’s government proclaimed Jerusalem Day, to be celebrated on the 28th of Iyar, the Hebrew date on which the divided city of Jerusalem became one. Links: Israel
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1968 Jul 8 |
Golda Meir resigned from her post as secretary of the Labor Party. Links: Israel
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1968 Aug |
The play "You, Me and the Next War," by Hanoch Levin (1943-1999), Israeli dramatist, was produced. Links: Israel, Theater
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1968 Dec 27 |
The US agreed to sell fifty F-4 Phantom jets to Israel. Links: USA, Israel
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1968 Dec 28 |
Israel attacked the Beirut Int’l. Airport, destroying 13 civilian planes. This was in response to an attack on an Israeli airliner in Athens by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). Links: Israel, Palestine, Aviation
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1968 |
Jews moved into Hebron following its occupation in the wake of the 1967 6-Day War. They later settled in the new suburb of Kiryat Arba. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1968 |
Galgal Refaim, or the "wheel of ghosts" was first noticed by scholars, a year after Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria. It consists of four circles, the outermost more than 500 feet across, made up of an estimated 42,000 tons of basalt stone, the remains of massive walls that experts believe once rose as much as high as 30 feet. The enormous feat of construction was carried out some 6000 years ago by a society about which little is known. A tomb existed in the center of the site, but scholars tend to agree it was added a millennia or two after the circles were erected in the Chalcolithic period, between 4500 and 3500 BC. In 2011 a scholar suggested that Galgal Refaim was an excarnation facility. Links: Israel
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1969 Feb 26 |
Levi Eshkol (b.1895), born in the Ukraine as Levi Shkolnik, died while serving as Israel’s 3rd premier (1963-1969). Links: Israel
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1969 Mar 17 |
Golda Meir (d.1978) became the 4th prime minister of Israel. She held the office to 1974. Links: Israel
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1969 May 25 |
The Israeli Army made the first of four unsuccessful assaults on Arab forces in the town of Latrun, Israel. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1970 Jan 28 |
Israeli fighter jets attacked the suburbs of Cairo. Links: Egypt, Israel
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1970 Feb 17 |
S.Y. Agnon, Jewish writer and Nobel Prize winner (1966) died in Jerusalem. His books included “Days of Awe,” a compendium of Jewish practices, legends and commentaries. Links: Israel, Writer
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1970 Feb 21 |
The PFLP-GC, a Palestinian terrorist group, planted a parcel bomb on Swissair Flight 330 that blew up on a flight from Zurich to Tel Aviv. All 47 aboard were killed. Links: Switzerland, Air Crash, Israel
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1970 Jun |
The Israeli government passed its initial decision to establish settlements in Gaza. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1970 Jul 21 |
Libya ordered the confiscation of all Jewish property. Links: Libya, Israel, Jews
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1970 Aug 7 |
Israel, Jordan and Egypt agreed to a ceasefire under the terms of the US proposed Roger Plan. The Roger Plan was originally proposed in a December 9, 1969, speech at an Adult Education conference. The plan was formally announced on 19 June 1970. Links: Egypt, Israel, Jordan
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1970 Sep 21 |
In Jordan King Hussein sent a plea to Israel for air support via the British embassy. Israel did not respond. The Black September crises left 2,000 people dead in 13 days of fighting. Links: Britain, Israel, Jordan
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1970 |
George L. Mosse (1918-1999), a Univ. of Wisconsin historian, published "Germans and Jews: The Right, the Left, and the Search for a 'Third Force' in Pre-Nazi Germany." Links: USA, Germany, Israel, Historian, Jews, Wisconsin
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