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Israel
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1855 |
Sir Moses Montefiore, an Italian-born British Jew and financier, became the first European to be allowed by the Ottomans to visit Jerusalem. Links: Britain, Israel, Jews 
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1856 |
A Turkish imperial edict lifted a ban on Christian bell-ringing in Jerusalem, whnich at this time was part of the Ottoman empire. The British were given the honor of erecting the city’s first outdoor bell since the crusades. Links: Turkey, Israel, Palestine
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1859 Feb 18 |
Shalom Aleichem (Solomon Rabinowitz, d.1916), Russian-Yiddish playwright, author and humorist, was born in the Ukraine. "To want to be the cleverest of all is the biggest folly." Links: Ukraine, Israel, Theater, Quote, Playwright
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1867 |
Francesco Hayez (1791-1882), Italian Romantic artist, painted his conception of the 70AD sacking of the Temple in Jerusalem. Links: Artist, Italy, Israel
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1867 |
Mark Twain was commissioned to report on the voyage of the steamship Quaker City, which sailed for the Middle East. In 1869 he authored “The Innocents Abroad,” an account of his observations. Links: USA, Israel, Palestine, Writer, Books
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1873 |
Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer founded the Rabbinerseminar zu Berlin as German Orthodoxy’s answer to the Judisch-Theologische Seminar in Breslau. Its outlook was that although Jewish law, the halacha, was immutable, it had to be couched in contemporary language. In 1990 Rabbi David Ellenson authored a biography of Rabbi Hildesheimer. Links: Germany, Israel, Jews
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1880 |
Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine were part of Syria under Ottoman rule. Links: Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan
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1880 |
A tablet known as the Siloam inscription was found in a tunnel hewed to channel water from a spring outside Jerusalem's walls into the city and taken by the Holy Land's Ottoman rulers to Istanbul. It was later placed in the collection of the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. The tunnel was constructed around 700 BC, a project mentioned in the Old Testament's Book of Chronicles. The tablet was installed to celebrate the moment the two construction teams of King Hezekiah met underground. In 2007 Jerusalem's mayor asked the Turkish government to return the tablet. Links: Turkey, Israel
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1880 |
Abi Hasira (b.1807), a Jewish kabbalist (aka Jacoub Ben Masoud) and the son of the chief rabbi of Morocco, died and was buried in Damanhur, near Alexandria, Egypt. He died there following an attempted trip to the Holy Land. He is revered by some Jews as a mystic renowned for his piety and for performing miracles. Links: Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Jews
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1880 |
Abi Hasira (b.1807), a Jewish kabbalist (aka Abu Hassira, Jacoub Ben Masoud, Yaakov Abuhatzeira) and the son of the chief rabbi of Morocco, died in Damanhur, near Alexandria, Egypt, following an attempted trip to the Holy Land. He is revered by some Jews as a mystic renowned for his piety and for performing miracles. His gravesite became popular with pilgrims. Links: Egypt, Israel, Jews
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1882 |
In Russia the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society was founded to support Russian pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1888 |
In Jerusalem the Mary Magdalene convent was consecrated. Its decoration was overseen by Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, consort to Russia’s Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the brother of Tsar Alexander III. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1890 |
In Jerusalem a small tract known as Sergei's Courtyard, named for Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, a son of Czar Alexander III, was built. It became part of the larger Russian Compound, most of which Israel purchased in 1964, when Israel paid $3.5 million in oranges because it lacked hard currency. In 2008 Israel approved handing back Sergei's Courtyard to Russia. The actual transfer took place in 2011. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1906 |
Boris Schatz (d.1932) founded a visionary art school in Jerusalem and became known for his trademark white robe and pet peacock. Born in Lithuania and trained in Paris he was a Jewish artist and occasional boxer who discovered Zionism and abandoned the European art scene for Jerusalem, then a Mideastern backwater. Links: Artist, Israel
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1909 |
In Palestine mostly Russian socialist idealists of the Zionist movement set up an armed group, Hashomer, to protect their new farms and villages from Arab marauders. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1910 |
Degania Aleph, Israel’s first kibbutz, was founded by 12 pioneers, while the area was still under Ottoman control. In 2007 it joined a growing proportion of kibbutzim abandoning egalitarian socialism in favor of a self-taxing regime combined with free-market forces. Links: Israel, Economics, Sociology
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1913 |
In 2007 Amy Dockser Marcus authored “Jerusalem 1913, The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” in which she asserted that choices were made in this year that led to the current stand. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1920 Apr 20 |
Balfour Declaration was recognized following a conference in San Remo, Italy. It was agreed that a mandate to Britain should be formally given by the League of Nations over an area, which in 2010 comprised Israel, Jordan and the Golan Heights, to be called the "Mandate of Palestine". The Balfour Declaration was to apply to the whole of the mandated territory. The doctrine was named after British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour, who had first articulated it as a policy on 2 November 1917. Links: Italy, Britain, UN, Israel, Palestine, Jordan
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1921 Apr 2 |
Einstein (1879-1955) made his first visit to the US on a fundraising tour with Zionist leader Chaim Weizman. In 2007 Jurgen Neffe authored “Einstein: A Biography;” and Jozsef Illy edited “Albert Meets America.” Links: USA, Germany, Israel, Physics
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1921 |
The British contrived the election of Haj Amin al-Husseini (1895-1974) as the Mufti of Jerusalem. In 2008 David G. Dalin and John F. Rothman authored “Icon of Evil: Hitler’s Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam.” Links: Britain, Israel, Palestine
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1924 Jun 3 |
Franz Kafka (b.1883), Czech writer, died. He was born in Prague and authored "The Castle" and "The Trial," both published after his death. Kafka had requested that his papers be burned after his death, but his friend, Max Brod, kept them and carried them to Tel Aviv when he fled Prague in 1939. Brod died in 1968 and left his personal secretary, Esther Hoffe, in charge of his literary estate and instructed her to transfer the Kafka papers to an academic institution. A critical German edition of The Castle was published in 1982 and an English translation of that edition came out in 1998. In 1927 Max Brod edited Kafka’s unfinished manuscript called "The Man Who Disappeared" and published it as "Amerika." In 2005 Roberto Calasso authored “K,” a contemporary evaluation of Kafka’s work. In 2010 more of Kafka’s unfinished work emerged from safety deposit boxes in Tel Aviv and Zurich, Switzerland. Links: Germany, Israel, Czechoslovakia, Writer
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1926 |
The Tnuva Central Cooperative for the Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Israel was founded as a dairy cooperative. By 2006 it was Israel’s largest food concern. Links: Israel, Food
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1929 Aug 24 |
In the Hebron massacre 65–68 Jews are killed by Arabs and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron. Links: Israel, Palestine, Jews
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1936 Apr 15 |
A number of cars on the road between Tulkarm and Nablus were held up by Arab highwaymen. After the armed robbers had removed valuables from the occupants of the cars, three Jews were forced to sit together in a truck where they were shot by the bandits in cold blood. One was killed outright and another died later from his injuries. Links: Israel, Palestine, Arab
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1936 Apr 19 |
Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Jaffa, Palestine. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1936 Apr 20 |
Serious rioting took place on the borders between Jaffa and Tel-Aviv, in particular in the Catton, Manshieh and Saknat Abu Kebir quarters.. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1936 Oct 10 |
The Arab Higher Committee issued a manifesto to end riots in Palestine. The committee had been formed in opposition to growing Jewish immigration into Palestine. Links: Israel, Palestine, Arab
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1936 Nov 11 |
A British Royal Commission arrived in Palestine to investigate the the underlying cause of the anti-Jewish riots. The Arab Higher Committee called a boycott of the commission’s inquiry. Links: Britain, Israel, Palestine, Arab
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1936 |
The Arab Revolt of 1936 was a culmination of actions by Haj Amin al-Husseini (1895-1974), the Mufti of Jerusalem, who recruited and commanded a national movement of violence aimed at forbidding all compromise with Jews. Links: Israel, Palestine, Jews
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1937 Aug 1 |
The Buchenwald concentration camp, near Weimar, Germany, became operational. The hill on which it stood was called "Ettersberg," a place where Goethe often wrote and sketched, and that was the initial name for the camp, which the people of Weimar protested. The name was then changed to Buchenwald, Beech Forest. By April 11, 1945, an estimated 56,000 people were killed here, including approximately 11,000 Jews. Links: Germany, Israel, Jews, Holocaust
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1938 |
Neturei Karta (Aramaic for "Guardians of the City") was founded in Jerusalem by Jews who opposed the drive to establish the state of Israel, believing only the Messiah could do that. The members of Neturei Karta descended from Hungarian Jews who settled in Jerusalem's Old City in the early nineteenth century, and from Lithuanian Jews who were students of the Gaon of Vilna, who had settled earlier. Links: Israel, Jews
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1940 Aug |
Lehi, Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, was created by Avraham Stern. Links: Israel
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1941 Jun |
In the northeastern city of Iasi, Romania, up to 12,000 people are believed to have died as Romanian and German soldiers swept from house to house to killing Jews. Those who did not die were systematically beaten, put in cattle wagons in stifling heat and taken to a small town, where what happened to them would be concealed. Of the 120 people on the train, just 24 survived. In 2010 a mass grave was found containing the bodies of an estimated 100 Jews killed by Romanian troops in a forest near the town of Popricani, about 350 km northeast of Bucharest. It contained the bodies of men, women and children who were shot in 1941. Links: Romania, Germany, Israel, Jews
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1941 Jul 10 |
In Jedwabne, Poland, some 300-400 Jews were herded into a barn by the local villagers and burned to death. In 1949 a communist-era court convicted 12 Poles in the massacre, saying they assisted German forces in the killings. In 2001 Jan Tomasz authored "Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne." According to Gross, some 1,600 Jews were killed in Jedwabne. Links: Poland, Israel, Jews, WWII, Massacre
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1941 Nov |
Nazis in the Ukraine set up a concentration camp near the village of Gvozdavka-1, near Odessa, and killed about 5,000 Jews. Their mass grave was found in 2007. Links: Ukraine, Germany, Israel, Jews
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1941 Dec |
David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973), Israeli leader, traveled to Washington to speak with Pres. F.D. Roosevelt regarding a Jewish state. He waited for 10 weeks at the Ambassador Hotel but was refused a meeting. Links: USA, Israel, RooseveltF
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1942 Feb 24 |
The SS Struma was sunk in the Black Sea by a Soviet torpedo. The ship with over 750 Jewish passengers fleeing Romania, had docked in Istanbul, but was denied entry to Palestinian territory by colonial power Britain. On Feb 23 Turkey towed the vessel to the Black Sea and set it adrift. Only one person survived. Links: Black Sea, Turkey, Russia, Israel, Jews, USSR, Tragedy, Ship
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1942 |
Andree Geulen-Herscovici was a teacher in Brussels when she witnessed a Gestapo raid on a school. That prompted her to join a rescue organization and for more than two years she took in over 300 Jewish children and hid them in Christian homes and monasteries under assumed identities. In 2007 Geulen-Herscovici (86) was granted honorary Israeli citizenship. Links: Belgium, Germany, Israel, Jews
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1942 1945 |
Jose Arturo Castellanos (d.1977 at 86), Salvadoran diplomat in Geneva, gave citizenship certificates to as many as 40,000 Jews during the Holocaust. In 2010 Israel named him posthumously as one of the "Righteous Among the Nations." Links: El Salvador, Switzerland, Israel, Jews, Holocaust, Hero, WWII
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1942 |
American rabbi Judah Magnes (d.1948) helped found a political party in Palestine called Ihud (Unity). He argued for a single binational state to be shared by Arabs and Jews. Links: Israel, Palestine, Jews
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1943 Apr |
Irena Sendler (1910-2008), Polish social worker, and her team of some 20 people saved nearly 2,500 children from the Warsaw Ghetto between October 1940 and April 1943, when the Nazis burned the ghetto, shooting the residents or sending them to death camps. Links: Germany, Poland, Israel, Jews, Holocaust, Nazi
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1943 Oct |
Germans demolished the ghetto buildings of Minsk, known as the Yama, or Pit, in an effort to find Jews in hiding. 2,000 remaining Jews were rounded up and killed. More than 100,000 Jews were killed there from August 1941. Links: Belarus, Germany, Israel, Jews, Holocaust
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1943 Nov 3 |
SS and police units shot at least 6,000 Jewish inmates of the Trawniki and Dorohucza Labor Camps. Links: Germany, Poland, Israel, Jews, Holocaust, Nazi
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1943 |
In Tunisia Khaled Abdelwahhab hid a group of Jews on his farm outside Mahdia, saving them from the Nazi troops occupying the North African nation. In 2007 Abdelwahhab became the first Arab to be nominated for recognition as "Righteous Among the Nations," an honor bestowed on non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from Nazi persecution. Links: Germany, Israel, Jews, Tunisia
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1944 Oct 16 |
In Hungary the Horthy government fell as Adolf Eichmann returned to Budapest and immediately ordered the resumption of the Jewish deportation program. Ferenc Szalasi (1897-1946) became the prime minister. Links: Germany, Hungary, Israel, Jews
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sustainable development information to research going green!
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1944 Nov 6 |
British official Lord Moyne was assassinated in Cairo, Egypt, by members of the Zionist Stern gang (Lehi). Links: Britain, Egypt, Israel
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1944 Nov 8 |
In Hungary Jews under Nazi custody and the command of Adolf Eichmann began marches of 120 miles to the Austrian border. Links: Hungary, Israel, Jews
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1945 |
In Libya deadly attacks took place against the Jewish community, which numbered some 40,000, prompting many to leave. Links: Libya, Israel, Jews
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1947 Jan 12 |
In Haifa, Palestine, the Stern Gang drove a truckload of explosives into a British police station. 4 people were killed and 140 injured. Links: Britain, Israel, Palestine
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1947 Dec 2 |
A Syrian mob burned a synagogue where the Aleppo Codex was hidden. This followed a UN resolution calling for the creation of Arab and Jewish states in Palestine Nearly two-thirds of the pages were retrieved by congregant, Mourad Faham. But 196 pages vanished, including books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah, as well as pages from other books. Links: Israel, Syria, Bible
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1947 |
The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered by Bedouin at the caves of Qumran in Jordan. The scrolls predated the Christian gospels, but contained many similarities. They also contained some differences from the traditional (Masoretic) text of the Hebrew Bible. In 1955 Edmund Wilson published "The Scrolls from the Dead Sea." In 1998 Hershel Shank published "The Mystery and meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls." From 1978-1998 over 6,000 books were written about the scrolls. The discovery date was later contested as were many of the historic circumstances surrounding the scrolls. In 2010 Geza Vermes authored “The Story of the Scrolls: The Miraculous Discovery and the True significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls.” Links: Israel, Jews, Jordan, Bible
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1948 Mar 10 |
Political and military men gathered at the Tel Aviv headquarters of the Haganah and put the final touches to Plan Dalet. In 2006 Prof. Ilan Pappe of the Univ. of Haifa authored “The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine.” He held that Plan Dalet was a plan for the ethnic cleansing of some 800,000 Palestinians in order to allow the formation of the Jewish state. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1948 Mar 24 |
Israel Galili, chief of the Haganah, sent orders reminding commanders of the policy to protect the “full rights, needs, and freedoms of the Arabs in the Hebrew state without discrimination.” Links: Israel, Palestine
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1948 Jul 1 |
Zahava Rozman, artist, was born in Tel Aviv, Israel. In 1958 she moved to NYC and in 1976 graduated from Pratt Inst. with a BFA in Fine Arts. Links: Artist, Israel
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1948 Sep 17 |
Count Folke Bernadotte (b.1895) of Sweden, the UN mediator for Palestine, was assassinated in Jerusalem by members of the extreme Zionist Stern Group. Yehoshua Zettler (d.2009 at 91), one of the founding members of the group, masterminded the assassination. Links: UN, Israel, Sweden, Assassin
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1948 Dec 8 |
Jordan annexed Arabic Palestine. The old city of East Jerusalem came under Jordanian control until 1968. Transjordan was given to a client Arab family, the Hashenites (led by King Hussein’s grandfather), and was run out of Mecca by the Saudis. The country now has an ethnic Palestinian majority. Elections chose a body evenly divided between Jordan and the Palestinian territories. Links: Israel, Palestine, Jordan
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1948 Dec 11 |
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 was passed near the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The resolution expresses appreciation for the efforts of UN Envoy Folke Bernadotte after his assassination by members of the Stern Gang. It was later often quoted in support of the Palestinian right of return. Links: Germany, UN, Israel, Palestine
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1948 |
The UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was established to observe the cease-fire following the war that followed Israel's creation. Links: UN, Israel
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1948 |
In Libya more deadly attacks took place against the Jewish community, prompting most of those remaining to leave. A few thousand remained until 1967. Links: Libya, Israel, Jews
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1948 |
Charles Winters, a Miami businessman, broke US law to supply B-17 bombers to Jews fighting in Israel’s war of independence. In 1949 he was convicted for violating the Neutrality Act, for which he was fined $5,000 and sentenced to 18 months in prison. In 2008 Pres. Bush granted Winters a posthumous pardon. Links: USA, Israel, Aviation, Florida
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