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Palestine
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8000 BC |
Tel Sultan, an archaeological dig, indicated that Jericho was first settled about this time. Links: Israel, Palestine, HistoryBC 
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1800 BC |
About this time Abraham buried his wife, Sarah, in a cave in Hebron. The area later became known to the Jews as the Tomb of the Patriarchs and to Muslims as the Ibrahimi Mosque. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1700 BC |
Canaanites, before the Hebrew conquest, built a massive wall about this time when Jerusalem was a small, fortified enclave. Archeologists first discovered the 26-foot-high wall in 1909 and later believed it to have been part of a protected passage built from a hilltop fortress to a nearby spring that was the city's only water source and vulnerable to marauders. Links: Israel, Palestine, HistoryBC
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1600 BC |
A gate in a curved wall in Shekhem city was built by skilled engineers around this time. The king of Shekhem, Labaya, is mentioned in the cuneiform tablets of the Pharaonic archive found at Tel al-Amarna in Egypt, which are dated to the 14th century BC. The king had rebelled against Egyptian domination, and soldiers were dispatched north to subdue him, but failed. Romans later abandoned the original site and built a new city to the west, calling it Flavius Neapolis. The Greek name Neapolis, or "new city," later became enshrined in Arabic as Nablus. A German team began excavating at the site in 1913. Links: Palestine, HistoryBC
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1200 BC |
The Philistines arrived by sea from the area of modern-day Greece about this time. They went on to rule major ports at Ashkelon and Ashdod, now cities in Israel, and at Gaza, now part of the Palestinian territory known as the Gaza Strip. Links: Israel, Palestine, Greece, HistoryBC, Philistines
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1100 BC |
In 2010 Israeli archeologists found a trove of gold jewelry in a jug near Megiddo dating to about this time. The jewelry was said to have belonged to a Canaanite family. Links: Israel, Palestine, HistoryBC
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1020 BC 980 BC |
Radiocarbon dating on burnt olive pits found in the ancient city of Khirbet Qeiyafa, 19 miles (30km) southwest of Jerusalem, indicate it existed between during this period, before being violently destroyed. In 2012 archaeologists reported the discovery of shrines from the fortified city, providing the earliest evidence of a Biblical cult. Links: Israel, Palestine, Religion, HistoryBC
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1004 BC |
David became the king of Israel. He ruled from Hebron before moving his capital to Jerusalem. He began to build a centralized government based in Jerusalem and implemented forced labor, a census and a mechanism for collecting taxes. In 2000 Jonathan Kirsch authored "King David: The Real Life of the Man Who ruled Israel." According to the Bible the census under David was followed by a plague that left some 70,000 Israelites dead. Links: Israel, Palestine, Taxes, HistoryBC, Census
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1000 BC |
A clay tablet, described as an Akkadian-language letter, dating to about this time was placed on display in 2011 in Jerusalem. The letter was from the Canaanite King Abdi-Heba to the king of Egypt. It was found in excavations of a site from the First Temple period. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Akkad, Language
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830 BC |
The Philistine city of Gath was razed. It appears to have been the work of the Aramean king Hazael, an incident mentioned in the Book of Kings. Links: Israel, Palestine, HistoryBC, Philistines
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721 BC |
About this time as the northern Israelite kingdom failed, Hebron remained the capital of the southern Israelite kingdom of Judah. Links: Israel, Palestine
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604 BC |
Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon invaded and put the Philistines' cities to the sword. There is no remnant of them after that. Links: Babylon, Israel, Palestine, HistoryBC, Philistines
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30 Apr 30 |
Jesus of Nazareth was crucified [see 33AD]. Christ died on hill of Golgotha, Jerusalem. His path along the Via Dolorosa was later disputed as to whether he was tried by Pontius Pilate at the palace of Herod or at the Roman fortress of Antonia. His death was at an abandoned quarry, the site of today’s Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1998 Robert Funk and the Jesus Seminar published "The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus." The group had published an earlier work "The Five Gospels," in which the sayings of Jesus were examined. In 1999 Thomas Cahill authored "Desire of the Everlasting Hills," a book about Jesus and his effect on the world. In 2010 Paul Johnson authored “Jesus: A Biography From a Believer.” Also in 2010 Philip Pullman authored “The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ,” in which he proposes that Jesus and Christ were twin brothers. Links: Romans, Israel, Palestine, Biography, Bible
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33 Apr 3 |
Christ was crucified (according to astronomers Humphreys and Waddington). The date is highly debated. See April 30, 30AD. Links: Romans, Israel, Palestine, Religion
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70 |
Josephus recorded that Vespasian and his son Titus plundered 50 tons of gold and silver during the 70AD Roman conquest of Jerusalem. Links: Romans, Israel, Palestine, Jews
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135 |
Roman Emperor Hadrian sent 12 divisions under Julius Severus to quell the Jewish rebellion led by Simon Bar Kokhba, who was killed at Bethar. An estimated 600,000 Jews were killed. Hadrian ordered Jerusalem plowed under and Aelia Capitolina was built on the site. He barred Jews from returning and survivors dispersed across the empire. Judea was renamed Syria-Palestina. Links: Italy, Romans, Palestine, Syria, Jews
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326 330 |
The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem was built by the Roman emperor Constantine. The church was rebuilt under Justinian (527-565). Links: Byzantium, Romans, Israel, Palestine
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335 |
Byzantine Emperor Constantine built the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem on the hill of Golgotha, where his mother claimed to have found the remains of the True Cross. It was raised by the Persians in 614, reconstructed and again destroyed by Caliph Hakim of Egypt in 1009. It was rebuilt by the Crusaders. Links: Byzantium, Israel, Palestine
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560 |
Emperor Justinian about this time returned the treasure of Jerusalem, plundered by the Romans in 70AD, to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Links: Byzantium, Israel, Palestine, Jews
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614 |
Christian Palestine was invaded by the Persians. The 5th century monastery of St. Theodosius east of Beit Sahour near Bethlehem was destroyed by the Persians. The Jews of Jerusalem allied with the Persians during the invasion and entered into the cave beneath the tomb of Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Links: Palestine, Persia, Jews
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628 Apr 3 |
In Persia, Kavadh sued for peace with the Byzantines. He handed back Armenia, Byzantine Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Links: Armenia, Byzantium, Egypt, Palestine, Persia, Syria
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632 661 |
The Rashidun Caliphate, also known as the Rightly Guided Caliphate, comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death. At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. It was the one of the largest empires in history up until that time. Links: Azerbaijan, Qatar, UAR, Armenia, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, Cyprus, Libya, Iran, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Sudan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Afghan, Tunisia, Islam
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636 Jul 23 |
Arabs gained control of most of Palestine from Byzantine Empire. Links: Byzantium, Palestine
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638 |
Arabs conquered the city of Hebron. They allowed the Jews to build a synagogue near Abraham’s burial site. Links: Israel, Palestine
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691 |
Muslims built the Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem. It contained inscriptions that later were held as the 1st evidence of the Koran. Links: Israel, Palestine, Architect, Islam
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700 900 |
The Hadith, the main guide for Muslims in interpreting the Koran, were evaluated and gathered into large collections mostly during the reign of Umar ibn AbdulAziz during the 8th and 9th centuries. Links: Azerbaijan, Qatar, UAR, Armenia, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, Cyprus, Libya, Iran, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Sudan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Afghan, Tunisia, Islam
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749 Dec 4 |
John of Damascus (b.~676), a Christian Arab theologian, died at the Mar Saba monastery near Jerusalem. He is considered "the last of the Fathers" of the Eastern Orthodox church and is best known for his strong defense of icons. Links: Palestine, Arab
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1009 |
In Jerusalem the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was burned by Muslims under Caliph Hakim of Egypt. Links: Byzantium, Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1149 |
In Jerusalem the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, rebuilt by the Crusaders, was consecrated. Links: Israel, Palestine, Crusades
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1174 Jul 11 |
Amalric I, king of Jerusalem, died. Links: Palestine
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1174 Jul 15 |
Baldwin (13), son of Amalric I, was crowned Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem. Links: Palestine
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1177 Aug 2 |
Philip of Flanders arrived in Acre. A Christian army under the joint command of Philip of Flanders and Raymond of Tripoli marched west to campaign against the Muslims around Tripoli. Links: Libya, Palestine, Flanders
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1177 Nov 18 |
Saladin marched north from Egypt with 26,000 light cavalry intent on capturing the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Links: Egypt, Palestine
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1177 Nov 25 |
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and his armored knights encountered the Muslim army of Saladin below the castle of Montgisard and defeated them in a surprise attack. Links: Egypt, Palestine
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1180 |
The Kingdom of Jerusalem under Baldwin IV reached a truce with Egypt under Saladin. Links: Egypt, Palestine
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1185 Mar |
Baldwin IV (23), king of Jerusalem, succombed to his leprosy. Links: Palestine
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1187 Oct 2 |
Sultan Saladin captured Jerusalem from Crusaders. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1244 Jul 11 |
The Khwarezmian Turks attacked Jerusalem. By August 23 they completely razed it and left it in ruins useless to both Christians and Muslims. Links: Iran, Israel, Palestine, Crusades
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1244 Aug 23 |
Khwarezmian Turks expelled the crusaders under Frederick II from Jerusalem. Jerusalem’s citadel, the Tower of David, surrendered. The Turks ruthlessly decimated the population, leaving only 2,000 people, Christians and Muslims, still living in the city. This attack triggered the Europeans to respond with the Seventh Crusade. Links: Iran, Israel, Palestine, Crusades
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1291 May 18 |
Sultan of Egypt and his son took the last Christian stronghold of Acre. Egyptian Mamelukes (Mamluks) occupied Akko (Acre). The crusaders were driven out of Palestine. Khalil, al-Ashraf Salah ad-Din, the Mamluk King, conquered Akko and put an end to the Crusader’s rule in the Holy Land. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Crusades
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1291 May 18 |
Acre, the last major stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, fell to the hands of Al-Ashraf Khalil and his forces from Egypt and Syria after a siege of 43 days. It had been in the hands of the Franks for 100 years. Egyptian Mamelukes (Mamluks) occupied Akko (Acre). The crusaders were driven out of Palestine. Khalil, al-Ashraf Salah ad-Din, the Mamluk King, conquered Akko and put an end to the Crusader’s rule in the Holy Land. Links: Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1750 |
Acre, a former stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, was re-built by the Ottoman Turks around this time, effectively preserving the earlier town, which had been destroyed in 1291 and hidden for centuries under rubble. Links: Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1757 |
The Greek Orthodox clergy wrested control of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. Ottoman rulers declared a status quo for the holy sties of the city and control of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was split primarily among the Latin, Greek and Armenian patriarchates of Jerusalem and secondarily among the churches of Egypt, Syria and Ethiopia. This arrangement was formalized in 1852. Links: Armenia, Turkey, Ethiopia, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Greece, Religion
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1799 May 20 |
Napoleon Bonaparte ordered a withdrawal from his siege of St. Jean d'Acre in Egypt. Plague had run through his besieging French forces, forcing a retreat. Napoleon, in pursuance of his scheme for raising a Syrian rebellion against Turkish domination, appeared before Acre, but after a siege of two months (March–May) was repulsed by the Turks. Links: Turkey, France, Egypt, Israel, Palestine
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1847 |
George Bush, a professor of Hebrew at New York Univ., authored “The Valley of Vision,” in which he called on the US government to militarily wrench Palestine from the Turks and return it to the Jews. Links: Israel, Palestine, New York, Writer, Books
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1856 |
A Turkish imperial edict lifted a ban on Christian bell-ringing in Jerusalem, whnich at this time was part of the Ottoman empire. The British were given the honor of erecting the city’s first outdoor bell since the crusades. Links: Turkey, Israel, Palestine
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1867 |
Mark Twain was commissioned to report on the voyage of the steamship Quaker City, which sailed for the Middle East. In 1869 he authored “The Innocents Abroad,” an account of his observations. Links: USA, Israel, Palestine, Writer, Books
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1880 |
Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine were part of Syria under Ottoman rule. Links: Turkey, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan
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1880 |
Palestinian nun Sister Maria Alfonsina Danil Ghattas (1843) and Father Joseph Tannous co-founded the Sisters of the Most Holy Rosary of Jerusalem. In 2009 she was beatified, an important step toward sainthood. Links: Palestine
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1882 |
In Russia the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society was founded to support Russian pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1888 |
In Jerusalem the Mary Magdalene convent was consecrated. Its decoration was overseen by Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, consort to Russia’s Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the brother of Tsar Alexander III. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1890 |
In Jerusalem a small tract known as Sergei's Courtyard, named for Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, a son of Czar Alexander III, was built. It became part of the larger Russian Compound, most of which Israel purchased in 1964, when Israel paid $3.5 million in oranges because it lacked hard currency. In 2008 Israel approved handing back Sergei's Courtyard to Russia. The actual transfer took place in 2011. Links: Russia, Israel, Palestine
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1909 |
In Palestine mostly Russian socialist idealists of the Zionist movement set up an armed group, Hashomer, to protect their new farms and villages from Arab marauders. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1913 |
In 2007 Amy Dockser Marcus authored “Jerusalem 1913, The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” in which she asserted that choices were made in this year that led to the current stand. Links: Israel, Palestine
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1920 Apr 20 |
Balfour Declaration was recognized following a conference in San Remo, Italy. It was agreed that a mandate to Britain should be formally given by the League of Nations over an area, which in 2010 comprised Israel, Jordan and the Golan Heights, to be called the "Mandate of Palestine". The Balfour Declaration was to apply to the whole of the mandated territory. The doctrine was named after British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour, who had first articulated it as a policy on 2 November 1917. Links: Italy, Britain, UN, Israel, Palestine, Jordan
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1921 |
The British contrived the election of Haj Amin al-Husseini (1895-1974) as the Mufti of Jerusalem. In 2008 David G. Dalin and John F. Rothman authored “Icon of Evil: Hitler’s Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam.” Links: Britain, Israel, Palestine
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1929 Aug 24 |
In the Hebron massacre 65–68 Jews are killed by Arabs and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron. Links: Israel, Palestine, Jews
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1930 Oct 13 |
Shafik Handal, later head of the Salvadoran left, was born to immigrant Palestinian parents from Bethlehem in the city of Usulutan, El Salvador. Links: El Salvador, Palestine
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1936 Apr 15 |
A number of cars on the road between Tulkarm and Nablus were held up by Arab highwaymen. After the armed robbers had removed valuables from the occupants of the cars, three Jews were forced to sit together in a truck where they were shot by the bandits in cold blood. One was killed outright and another died later from his injuries. Links: Israel, Palestine, Arab
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1936 Apr 19 |
Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Jaffa, Palestine. Links: Israel, Palestine
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