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Africa
Africa
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1.6Mil BC |
Homo erectus dates from at least this far back and had a brain capacity of some 1,000 ml, compared with our own 1,400. He was the first to control fire and to move out of Africa into Europe and Asia. A Palaeolithic technology called Acheulian was invented in Africa by Homo erectus about this time. Links: Technology, Africa, Anthropology, HistoryBC 
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135000 BC 90000 BC |
Severe droughts impacted Eastern Africa over this period. Links: Africa, Drought, HistoryBC
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70000 BC |
Genetic studies in 2008 estimated that the human population at this time may have shrunk to as low as 2000 due to a long period of severe droughts in Eastern Africa. Links: Africa, Drought, Anthropology, HistoryBC
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80 BC |
Roman Gen. Pompey conquered Domitius Ahenobarbus and King Hiarbus of Numidia. Pompey restored Hiempsal to his throne. Links: Romans, Africa, HistoryBC
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1710 1895 |
Muslim rulers led the Kong Empire, also known as the Wattara or Outtara Empire, which spread across West Africa. It embraced a diversity of religious groups straddling what later became Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. Links: Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Africa
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1783 Jun 1784 Feb |
A series of 10 eruptions from the Laki Craters on Iceland changed atmospheric conditions in most of the Northern Hemisphere. This also generated a cascade of events that led to record low levels of water in the Nile River and brought famine to the region. Links: Egypt, Africa, Volcano, Iceland
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1789 |
English Thomas Clarkson and his fellow abolitionists published 700 posters with the image of the slave ship Brookes loaded with 482 slaves. The ship, owned by the Brookes family of Liverpool, operated between the Gold Coast of Africa and Jamaica. Links: Britain, Africa, Jamaica, Ship, Slavery
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1850 |
The population Africa was about 110 million. By 2009 it was around 1 billion. Links: Africa
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1859 |
Maize replaced the native crops in Malawi soon after the arrival of David Livingstone. It had been introduced in Africa in the 16th century by Portuguese colonizers as a reliable staple for slaving outposts. Links: Portugal, Malawi, Africa, Food, Slavery
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1874 |
David Stanley, British journalist, crossed Africa from the east to the west across the Congo River basin on a 999-day journey sponsored by London’s Daily Telegraph. In 2004 Tim Butcher, also a journalist for the Daily Telegraph, followed Stanley’s path on a trip that took 44 days. In 2008 Butcher authored “Blood River: A Journey to Africa’s Broken Heart.” Links: Britain, Africa, CongoDRC, Journalism
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1878 Jul 1 |
Treaty of Berlin divided Africa for colonization. [see Jul 13] Links: Germany, Africa
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1895 |
The British began shipping thousands of Indians to east Africa to build a railway. Many settled there to become station masters, artisans, clerks and shopkeepers. Links: Britain, India, Africa
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1907 Jun |
Pablo Picasso stumbled on the African and Oceanic collection at the Ethnographic Museum of the Trocadero in Paris, as he was working on "Les Desmoiselles d’Avignon." The experience from that point on put an African influence on much of his work. Links: Artist, Spain, France, Africa
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1914 1918 |
The German campaign in East Africa was directed by General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck. German looting and raiding caused at least 300,000 civilian deaths. By attacking Northern Rhodesia they invaded British territory. Of 1 million porters recruited by the British, 95,000 died. In 2007 Edward Paice authored “Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa. In 2008 Edward Paice authored “World War I: The African Front. Links: Britain, Germany, Africa, Zimbabwe, WWI
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1928 |
Coca-Cola began sales in Africa. By 2008 Coca Cola claimed to be the largest private sector employee in Africa. Links: USA, Labor, Africa, Cola
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1938 Jul 14 |
Italian Premier Mussolini published an anti-Jewish and African manifesto prepared by Italian "scientists." Links: Italy, Jews, Africa, Sociology
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1938 Aug 9 |
Leo Frobenius (1873-1938), German ethnologist and archaeologist, died in Italy. He undertook his first expedition to Africa in 1904 to the Kasai district in Congo. Frobenius had taught at the University of Frankfurt. In 1925, the city acquired his collection of about 4700 prehistorical African stone paintings, which are currently at the University's institute of ethnology, which was named the Frobenius Institute in his honor in 1946. Links: Germany, Africa, Explorer
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1940 Nov |
The Nazi Bielfield memorandum argued for the seizure of Belgian and French Congo, Equatorial French Africa and a large portion of French West Africa; naval bases were earmarked for Dakar, Conakry and the Canary Islands, while Madagascar was reserved as a ‘dumping-ground’ for Jews. This vast area was to be exploited for its natural resources, upon which Germany’s European empire would be built. Links: Germany, Africa, WWII
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1941 Jul |
Artist Marc Chagall and his wife Bella Rosenfeld departed France for America. On the same day that he left Vichy police deported some 1,200 other Jewish refugees to forced labor in north Africa. Links: Artist, USA, France, Jews, Africa
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1943 May 12 |
The Axis forces in Tunisia and all of North Africa surrendered. Links: Germany, Africa, Tunisia
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1956 |
African honeybees were imported to Brazil by a scientist who let them escape. By 1990 they had worked their way north to southern Texas and began to spread across the southwest. Links: Brazil, USA, Africa, Texas, Insects
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1969 |
The first Panafrican Festival took place in Algiers amid widespread euphoria. Most African nations had just gained independence, they were full of hope, and Algeria was spearheading the nonaligned movement balancing between the Western and Soviet blocks. A 2nd Panafrican Festival did not take place until 2009. Links: Algeria, Africa
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1970 |
J. Desmond Clark (d.2002), professor at UC Berkeley, authored "The Pre-history of Africa." Links: USA, Africa, Books
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1977 |
The TransAfrica lobby group was founded to press the US political establishment on matters concerning Africa and the Caribbean. Randall Robinson in 1998 published "Defending the Spirit" a memoir of his efforts in the organization. Links: USA, Africa
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1980 |
A global campaign was begun to eradicate guinea worm, aka dracunculiasis, a disabling parasitic disease existing in only 4 African countries. Links: Microbiology, Africa, Medical
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1981 Jun 27 |
The African States members of the Organization of African Unity, meeting in Liberia, adopted a Charter on Human and People’s Rights. Article 5 specifically prohibited slavery. It became effective as of October 21, 1986. Links: Liberia, Africa, Black History, Slavery
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1983 |
"Sisters In Affliction: Circumcision and Infibulation of Women in Africa" by Raquiya H. Abdalla was published. Links: Writer, Africa, Women, Books
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1983 |
In the Netherlands the Dapper Foundation of Amsterdam was founded with a private gift donation of African art. It was brought to Paris in 1986 and housed in an elegant private museum at 50 Avenue Victor Hugo. Links: France, Netherlands, Africa, Donation, Museums
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1985 Jul 13 |
Live Aid, an international rock concert in London, Philadelphia, Moscow and Sydney, took place to raise money for Ethiopia and Africa's starving people. It was organized by Bob Geldof of Ireland. Links: Australia, Russia, Britain, Ethiopia, Ireland, Pennsylvania, Africa, USSR, Pop&Rock
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1987 |
Village Enterprises Fund was founded to help small businesses in under-developed countries. In 1997 it began focusing on East Africa. Links: Money, Africa, Economics
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1988 Dec 26 |
An anti African student rebellion took place in China PR. Links: China, Africa
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1989 |
Hanny Lightfoot-Klein authored "Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa." Links: USA, Africa, Books, Sociology
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1989 |
The Group O AIDS virus was identified in West Africa. It had marked genetic differences from the more common Group M strains that were responsible for a worldwide pandemic. Links: Microbiology, Africa, AIDS
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1989 1990 |
During a border war with Senegal, tens of thousands of black Mauritanians, from high ranking civil servants to herdsmen, were accused of being Senegalese, rounded up and deported. Links: Senegal, Africa, Mauritania, Arab
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1990 |
The Europe and North Africa group formed. It gathered leaders from North Africa — Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania and Libya — with leaders from France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Malta. Links: Algeria, Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, Malta, Libya, Africa, Mauritania, Tunisia
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1994 |
Craig Packer wrote "Into Africa." It won the 1995 John Burroughs Medal Award for nature writing. Links: Africa, Books
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1994 |
South Africa’s Shoprite supermarket began expanding across Africa. In 2005 it was Africa’s largest retailer with 700 shops in 16 countries. Links: South Africa, Africa, Retail
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1994 |
Ayisi Makatiani, a student at MIT, co-founded Africa Online with 2 Kenyan friends. It was purchased by Prodigy and in 1998 underwent a management buyout. In 2000 it was purchased by African Lakes, an investment firm. Links: Kenya, Africa, Internet
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1995 |
Jacques Foccart (1913-1997), architect of French policy in Africa, published "Foccart Speaks," a book on French policymaking in Africa under Charles de Gaulle. Links: France, Africa, Books
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1996 May 9 |
Bacterial meningitis has infected more than 100,000 people in West Africa over the last 3 months and more than 10,000 have died. The epidemic has been most intense in the region just south of the Sahara known as the Sahel. The 1996 epidemic resulted in some 20,000 deaths. The "meningitis belt" swept from Senegal to Ethiopia about every 10 years. Links: Senegal, Ethiopia, Microbiology, Africa
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1996 Oct 31 |
An outbreak of the Ebola virus killed at least 17 people. It was the 4th outbreak in Africa since 1995. Links: Microbiology, Africa, Ebola
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1996 Nov 1 |
Norway announced a $24 million donation to educate girls in 19 African countries. The gift went to UNICEF’s African Education for All program. Links: Africa, Norway, Donation, Education
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1996 Dec 5 |
An African Summit opened in Burkina Faso. New candidates for the position of UN Secretary-general were to be considered. Links: Burkina Faso, Africa
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1996 Dec 10 |
The French African aid budget was more than $3 billion, nearly 4 times that of the US aid to Africa. French troops were garrisoned in Cameroon, the CAR, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon and Senegal. Links: Ivory Coast, Senegal, France, Cameroon, Chad, Africa, CAR, Gabon, Djibouti
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1996 Dec |
Femmes Africa Solidarite (FAS), founded by Bineta Diop (46) of Senegal, gained official recognition as an international NGO. Links: Senegal, Africa, Women
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1996 |
CD Bayaka: The Extraordinary Music of the BaBezele Pygmies was produced. It featured an hour of yodels and songs... with the delicate tone of the mondume. It was made with a 96-page booklet. Links: Africa, Pop&Rock
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1997 Apr 14 |
In SF the winners of the 1997 Goldman Environmental Prize were: Included were Juan Pablo Orrego of Chile for his battle to stop the damming of the Bio Bio River. Links: Russia, Chile, Britain, Indonesia, Environment, Ohio, Africa, Samoa
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1997 Apr 16 |
African leaders of 7 nations eased their embargo on Burundi to alleviate local suffering. Links: Burundi, Africa
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1997 Jul 10 |
The DNA from the arm bone of Neanderthal man found in 1856 was found to represent a separate human species. Scientists in London said DNA from a Neanderthal skeleton supported a theory that all humanity descended from an "African Eve" 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Links: Britain, Africa, DNA, Anthropology
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1997 |
The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS Net) published an inquiry into the world’s failure to respond to food shortages in Niger and the rest of the Sahel. Links: Niger, Africa, Food
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1998 Mar 22 |
President Clinton departed Washington for an historic 12-day tour of Africa. Links: USA, Africa, ClintonB
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1998 Apr 3 |
A 2-day meeting called by the Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers was attended by 18 African nations, over a dozen European countries and Japan, Canada and Argentina. They endorsed measures to control the spread of light weapons. Links: Argentina, Canada, Japan, EU, Africa, Guns, Norway
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1998 Jul 17 |
In Uganda Pres. Museveni proposed a single continental army and government for Africa with headquarters in Kampala. Links: Africa, Uganda
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1998 Oct 16 |
It was reported that Bobi Ladawa Mobutu, wife of Mobutu Sese Seko, and son, Nazanga, had established a Mobutu Family Foundation to carry out charitable programs in the US and Africa for young Africans. The former dictator was believed to have taken $10 billion from the Congo. Links: Africa, CongoDRC
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1998 Nov 24 |
A UN report on AIDS said 33 million people were infected, and that two-thirds of them were in sub-Saharan Africa. Links: UN, Africa, AIDS
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1998 Dec 10 |
In Sudan the death toll from the 15 year civil war was reported to have reached at least 1.9 million. A 40 nation African conference on refugees opened in Khartoum. Links: Sudan, Africa
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1998 |
The book "Into Africa: A Journey Through Ancient Empires" was written by Sheila Hirtle and Marq de Villiers. Links: Africa, Books
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1998 |
Some 2 million Africans south of the Sahara died of AIDS in this year. Links: Africa, AIDS
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1999 May 6 |
Bristol-Myers announced a plan to spend $100 million over the next 5 years in 5 southern African nations, that included Botswana, to fund AIDS research trials. Links: Botswana, Africa, AIDS, Pharma
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1999 Sep 13 |
In Zimbabwe AIDS activists gathered in Lusaka for a 4-day conference on the disease that had already killed 11 million Africans. 5 Africans were being infected every 2 minutes. Links: Africa, Zimbabwe, AIDS
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