Internet
1645 |
In Sweden the Post Och Inrikes Tidningar began daily publication for bankruptcies, corporate and government announcements. On Jan 1, 2007, the world’s oldest newspaper stopped publishing on paper and moved to the Internet. Links: Sweden, Internet, Journalism |
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1895 |
Paul Otlet (1868-1944), Belgian librarian, met future Nobel Prize winner Henri La Fontaine, who joined him in planning to create the Mundaneum, a master bibliography of all the world’s published knowledge. Otlet and LaFontaine eventually persuaded the Belgian government to support their project, proposing to build a “city of knowledge” that would bolster the government’s bid to become host of the League of Nations. Links: Belgium, Internet |
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1934 |
Paul Otlet (1868-1944), head of the Mundaneum in Belgium, sketched out plans for a global network of computers (or “electric telescopes,” as he called them) that would allow people to search and browse through millions of interlinked documents, images, audio and video files. In his 1934 book “Monde” he laid out his vision of a “mechanical, collective brain” that would house all the world’s information, made readily accessible over a global telecommunications network. Links: Belgium, Internet, Telecom |
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1944 Jul 29 |
Larry L. Hutsell, "fact-finder extraordinaire" was born in Balboa Naval Hospital in San Diego, Ca. Long-time retired from the auto glass replacement industry and the Boy Scouts of America, Larry spends his days surfing the Internet, gleaning little-known and miniscule facts from history; the Web site “Timelines of History" has been the beneficiary of these efforts. In his spare time Larry and his wife Phyllis own Hutsell's Gift & Lapidary Shop in Blue Springs, Missouri. Links: USA, Missouri, Internet, Hero |
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1948 |
Richard Bolt and Leo Beranek, professors at MIT, established a small acoustics consulting firm and soon added a former student of Bolt’s, Robert Newman. In 1949 BBN won its first major consulting contract, designing the acoustics for the UN General Assembly Hall. In 2008 Leo Beranek authored “Riding the Waves: A Life in Sound, Science and Industry.” Links: USA, UN, Technology, Massachusetts, Internet |
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1964 |
Engineer Paul Baran proposed the use of distributed networks for communication. His architecture became the foundation of ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet. Links: Internet |
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1966 |
Robert W. Taylor (1932-2017) began working at the Pentagon for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). He quickly called for the agency’s three computers to be able to intercommunicate. His idea led to Arpanet, the forerunner of the Internet. Links: USA, Internet |
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1968 Dec |
The Cambridge company Bolt Beranek and Newman won a Dept. of Defense ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) contract to develop packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMP). The project was led by Frank Heart and Robert Kahn. The first internode was to installed at the Univ. of California at Los Angeles. Links: USA, California, Technology, Internet |
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1968 |
The Dept. of Defense ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) issued a request for proposals to develop packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMP). Links: USA, Internet |
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1968 1998 |
American Engineer Jon Postel (1943-1998) coordinated the Internet’s protocols and addressing system over this period. Links: USA, Internet |
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1969 Sep 2 |
The first Internet message was a packet switch delivered to UCLA from BBN Corp. (Bolt Beranek and Newman). The 1st 2 machines of ARPANET were connected at Prof. Len Kleinrock's lab at UCLA. The US Dept. of Defense’s Advanced Research and Projects Agency (ARPANET) launched a self-healing computer network with TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol). By the early 1980’s the military component became a separate network and the true birth of today’s Internet is marked. By 2007 some university researchers with the federal government's blessing want to scrap the Internet and start over. Links: USA, California, Technology, Internet |
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1969 Oct 29 |
Researchers sent the first inter-node message between two sites on ARPAnet. The first e-mail message crossed the Arpanet as a team under Professor Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA communicated with a team under Douglas Englebart at Stanford. The US Dept. of De-fense’s Advanced Research and Projects Agency (ARPANET) launched a self-healing com-puter network with TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) [see Sep 2]. Links: USA, Internet |
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1969 |
Frank Heart (1929-2018) oversaw the first routing computer for the Arpanet. He led a Bolt Beranek and Newman team to build the Interface Message Processor (IMP) to switch data among Arpanet computers. Links: USA, Computer, Internet |
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1971 Jul 4 |
Michael S. Hart (1947-2011) began typing the Declaration of Independence into the memory of a mainframe computer at the Univ. of Illinois. This led him to begin Project Gutenberg, an effort to put US historical documents on line. It was later expanded to include books out of copyright. Links: USA, Internet, Books |
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1971 |
Ray Tomlinson (d.2016), an engineer at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), invented an e-mail program that allowed users to exchange messages across a distributed network. He devised the @ symbol to designate a digital address. In 1972 Tomlinson modified the program to run on ARPANET where it became a quick hit. Links: USA, Postage, Internet, Language |
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1971 |
French politicians challenged IRIA, a state funded computer science institute, to begin research into a national computer network. Louis Pouzin was chosen to head the project, which became known as CYCLADES. The project’s first connection debuted in 1973. Links: France, Internet |
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1972 Jul |
Robert Metcalf (b.1946) at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) combined packet switching from the Arpanet and single wire broadcasting to lay the foundations for computer networks. This system was called Ethernet and marked the first Internet message. The IEEE committee 802.3 later defined the Ethernet standard. He later fixed May 22, 1973, as the birthdate of Ethernet, a day on which he circulated a memo about his ideas to PARC colleagues. Links: USA, Technology, Computer, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1973 May 22 |
Robert Metcalf (b.1946), at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), circu-lated a memo about his Ethernet ideas to PARC colleagues. He later fixed this day as the birth-date of Ethernet. Metcalf had combined packet switching from the Arpanet and single wire broadcasting to lay the foundations for computer networks. Bob Metcalf described ethernet for the 1st time in a patent memo. Links: USA, Technology, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1973 |
Researchers Robert Kahn, of the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Project Agency, and Vinton Cerf, of Stanford Univ., developed a standard for incompatible networks to send messages and files to one another. It was a new language called TCP/IP, and it included a way to route data packages among different kinds of networks. This allowed the Internet to be born. Links: USA, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1974 May |
Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf published a paper that outlined the protocols of the Internet. Cerf and Kahn used aspects of a data network created by Frenchman Louis Pouzin that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Kahn and Cerf’s Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was updated in 1978. In 2004 Cerf and Kahn received the A.M. Turing Award for their work. By December full specifications for the new proposal were published. Links: USA, France, Internet |
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1976 Aug 27 |
In the SF Bay Area a team led by Don Nielson, assistant director of telecommunications at Menlo Park engineering firm SRI Int’l. ran a cable from a van radio to a computer at the Alpine Inn Beer Garden, aka Zott’s, and used the radio to connect to another computer at the SRI office and on to Boston, thus giving birth to the Internet. Links: USA, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1976 |
The Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES), an electronic conferencing system, was built at the New Jersey Inst. of Technology. Links: USA, Technology, Internet, New Jersey |
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1977 |
The RSA standard for cryptography was introduced. RSA stands for Riverst, Shamir, and Adelman, three Israelis at MIT who played a fundamental role in developing the PKI infrastructure. They founded RSA Data Security in 1982. Links: USA, Computer, Internet |
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1978 Feb 16 |
The 1st Computer Bulletin Board System was Ward & Randy's CBBS in Chicago. Links: USA, Chicago, Computer, Internet |
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1978 |
A paper by Leonard Adleman, Ron Rivest, and Adi Shamir was published titled A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. It is widely known today by the group's initials RSA. Links: USA, Technology, Computer, Internet |
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1979 Jun |
Robert Metcalf of Xerox Corp. started 3Com Corp., consulting company, and soon began producing Ethernet hardware. The company specialized in connecting computers using the Ethernet system, which he helped develop. The early Ethernet adapters sold for $5000. In 1994 they sold for $100. Links: USA, Computer, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1979 Dec 26 |
Robert Ben Madison (14) founded the virtual Kingdom of Talossa in his Milwaukee, Wisc., bedroom and migrated it to the Internet in 1996. Links: USA, Internet, Wisconsin |
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1979 |
Jim Ellis (d.2001 at 45) and Tom Truscott, Duke graduate students, linked computers to share information and created the Usenet electronic bulletin board. Links: USA, North Carolina, Computer, Internet, Education |
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1979 |
A conferencing system called Participate was designed for The Source, the first commercial online system. Links: USA, Internet |
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1980 Jun 25 |
The Associated Press chose 11 major newspapers to launch a cooperative experiment to deliver news electronically to computer-equipped homes. Links: USA, Computer, Internet, Journalism |
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1982 Sep 19 |
Prof. Scott E. Fahlman of Carnegie Mellon Univ. posted an emoticon, the first online smiley face, in a message to an online electronic bulletin board at 11:44 a.m., during a discussion about the limits of online humor and how to denote comments meant to be taken lightly. Links: USA, Pennsylvania, Computer, Internet |
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1982 Sep |
3Com under Robert Metcalf started shipping EtherLink adaptor cards for IBM’s new personal computer. Links: USA, Computer, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1982 |
Control Video Corp. was founded as an online video game company. It transformed to Quantum Computer Services, a private online service for Apple and IBM, and then became America Online (AOL) in 1989. In 1998 Kara Swisher wrote "aol.com: How Steve Case beat Bill Gates, Nailed the Netheads, and Made Millions in the War for the Web. Links: USA, Internet, Games |
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1982 |
John Hopfield, Bell Labs physicist, reawakened scientific interest in neural networks by finding a resemblance between their neighbor-pulling-neighbor structure and the behavior of magnetized atoms in some kinds of crystals. Links: USA, Internet, Physics |
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1982 |
France launched Minitel, a national videotex communications network. It became outdated with the rise of the Internet and was scheduled to close in 2011. During the first half of 1982, the Division of l'lnformatique Parlementaire studied the feasibility of an internal videotex system for the Chamber of Deputies in France and in September 1982, M. Louis Mexandeau, Minister of the PTT gave his support to the project. On 30 October 1982, the Bureau of the Assemblée Nationale approved implementation in two phases; first of 100 terminals; and secondly equipment to support all deputies with constituencies in metropolitan France. Links: France, Internet, Telecom |
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1982 |
William Gibson authored “Neuromancer,” a science fiction short story in which he coined the term cyberspace. Links: USA, Writer, Internet, Sci-Fi |
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1983 Jan 1 |
TCP/IP became the standard for Internet protocol. Links: Internet |
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1983 |
Fred Cohen, graduate student, released (in a controlled experiment) the world's first computer virus. Links: USA, Computer, Internet |
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1984 Apr 1 |
Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant launched the Well (Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link) in Sausalito. In La Jolla, Ca., Larry Brilliant, physician and head of Network Technologies Int’l. in Michigan, pitched the idea for a public computer conferencing system to Stewart Brand, publisher of the Whole Earth Catalog. Their meeting led to the 1985 founding of "The Well" online service that operated as a collection of conferences. It used the PicoSpan conferencing software. In 2001 Katie Hafner authored "The Well: A Story of Love, Death and Real Life in the Seminal Online Community." Links: USA, California, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1984 |
Ray Ozzie left Lotus Development and founded Iris Associates, which created Lotus Notes, a collaborative software program. Iris was acquired by Lotus in 1994 and Lotus was acquired by IBM in 1995. In 2006 Bill Gates named Ozzie to succeed him as Microsoft’s Chief Software Architect. Links: USA, Computer, Internet, M&A |
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1984 |
Mike Lazaridis, while a student at the Univ. of Waterloo in Ontario, co-founded Research In Motion (RIM) with Douglas Fregin. In 1997 Lazaridis came up with the idea for a small thumb-using keyboard and RIM went on to produce the hand-held Blackberry e-mail device. Links: Canada, Technology, Internet, Telecom |
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1984 |
William Gibson wrote his science fiction work "Neuromancer." Gibson is credited with coining the term cyberspace. He envisioned chips plugged directly into the brain to transfer information. Links: USA, Writer, Internet, BioTech, Brain, Books |
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1984 |
Prodigy was founded as a joint venture of CBS, IBM and Sears. CBS dropped out in 1986, two years before the first service called Trintex went online. Its name was changed to Prodigy in 1989 and went national in 1990. In 1996 it was sold for less than $200 million to its management, a private group with backing by the Mexican firm Grupo Carso. Links: USA, Internet |
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1984 |
Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, envisioned a computer system for researchers to share documents and databases. This grew to become the World Wide Web. In 2004 Lee won the 1st Millennium Technology Prize. Links: France, Switzerland, Computer, Internet |
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1985 Mar |
The Well Online conferencing service went live from Sausalito, Ca., with a VAX computer, 6 modems and 6 phone lines. Links: USA, California, Internet, SF Bay Area |
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1985 |
Radia Perlman, software designer and network engineer, earned the name “Mother of the Internet” for her invention of the Spanning Tree Protocol, a fundamental function to the operation of network bridges. Links: USA, Women, Internet |
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1986 Jan 16 |
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) held its first meeting in San Diego. It was formed to develop technical standards for the Internet. Links: USA, California, Internet |
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1986 Jan |
The first PC virus, called Brain, was discovered in the wild. Though it achieved fame because it was the first of its type, the virus was not widespread as it could only travel by hitching a ride on floppy disks swapped between users. The first virus to hit computers running a Microsoft Corp.'s operating system (DOS) came when two brothers in Pakistan wrote a boot sector program now dubbed "Brain," purportedly to punish people who spread pirated software. Links: USA, Pakistan, Computer, Internet |
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1986 Aug |
Dr. Clifford Stoll, the computer systems manager at Lawrence Berkeley, discovered computer break-ins. He monitored them for approximately 12 months and realized that hackers had confused Lawrence Berkeley with Lawrence Livermore.'' A West German citizen used global communications networks to secretly gain access to more than 30 computers belonging to the US military and military contractors. Links: USA, Germany, Internet, SF Bay Area, Cybersecurity |
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1986 |
Dr. Federico Faggin, co-inventor of the microprocessor, founded Synaptics Inc., which specialized in building neural-net devices. Links: USA, Technology, Internet |
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1986 |
German hackers in Hanover, working for the KGB, sneaked into American military networks. The “Cuckoo’s Nest” cyber attack was caught when an official noted a 75-cent billing error revealing unauthorized use of a computer network. Links: Russia, USA, Germany, USSR, Internet |
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1987 Sep 14 |
The first e-mail from China was sent to an int’l. network and proclaimed: “Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world.” Links: China, Internet |
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1988 Nov 2 |
A computer worm, named Morris, unleashed by a Cornell University graduate student began replicating, clogging thousands of computers around the country, but causing no real damage. The virus infected an estimated 6,000 university and military computers over the Internet. Links: USA, New York, Computer, Internet |
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1989 Mar |
The first versions of HTML that launched the Web appeared. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. His document describing the initial project was titled: “Information Management: A Proposal.” Links: Switzerland, Computer, Internet |
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1989 |
America Online (AOL) made its debut. In 1998 Kara Swisher wrote "aol.com: How Steve Case beat Bill Gates, Nailed the Netheads, and Made Millions in the War for the Web. [see Control Video in 1982] Links: Computer, Internet |
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1989 |
Tim Berners-Lee wrote a proposal at CERN, Switzerland, that a global hypertext space be created in which any network-accessible information could be referred to by a single "Universal Document Identifier". In 1990 he wrote a program called WorldWideWeb. Links: Switzerland, Computer, Internet |
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1989 |
The Univ. of Phoenix enrolled 8 students in the world’s first online campus. Links: USA, Internet, Education |
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1989 |
Brewster Kahle founded WAIS, a company named after the Wide Area Information Server protocol, to make software for online publishing. The protocol was an early form of internet search engine, which had been developed by Thinking Machines with Apple, Dow Jones and KPMG. In 1995 AOL bought the firm. Links: USA, Internet, M&A |
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1989 |
John McAfee, an engineer for Lockheed, posted his VirusScan software on an Internet bulletin board as freeware. He earned $5 million in the first year and founded McAfee Associates. The company merged with Network General in 1997. Links: USA, Computer, Internet |
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1989 |
The Univ. of Phoenix began teaching online. Links: USA, Arizona, Internet |
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