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Nicaragua
Nicaragua
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1526 |
Conquistador Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba (b.~1475) was beheaded by Pedrarias Dávila, a superior officer, over his claims to Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua 
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1663 |
Abraham Blauvelt, Dutch pirate, died about this time. In the early 1630's He explored the coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua. Afterwards, he went to England and with a proposal for a settlement at site in Nicaragua, which is near the town and river of Bluefields, Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua, Netherlands, Pirates
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1823 Jul 1 |
The United Provinces of Central America (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and San Salvador) gained independence from Mexico. The union dissolved by 1840. Links: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico
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1824 Jul 25 |
Costa Rica gained Guanacaste province from Nicaragua as the town people of Nicoya and Santa Cruz decided to join Costa Rica. In 2013 Nicaragua’s President Daniel Ortega warned Costa Rica that he may ask the International Court of Justice to restore to Managua the province he said it lost to "occupation." Links: Costa Rica, Nicaragua
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1854 Jul 13 |
US forces shelled and burned San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua, USA
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1854 |
In Nicaragua a civil war erupted between the Legitimist Party (also called the Conservative Party), based in the city of Granada, and the Democratic Party (also called the Liberal Party), based in León. The Democratic Party sought military support from William Walker who, to circumvent US neutrality laws, obtained a contract from Democratic president Francisco Castellón to bring as many as three hundred colonists to Nicaragua. These mercenaries received the right to bear arms in the service of the Democratic government. Links: Nicaragua, USA
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1855 May 3 |
William Walker sailed from San Francisco with approximately 60 men to intervene in a civil war in Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua, USA, SF
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1855 Jun 1 |
William Walker (1824-1860), US adventurer, stormed into Granada, Nicaragua. On July 12, 1857, he declared himself president. Walker reestablished slavery and planned an 18-mile canal from Lake Nicaragua to the Pacific. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Slavery
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1856 Jul 12 |
William Walker, an American, declared himself president of Nicaragua. His execution a few years later in Honduras was rumored to have been staged. Links: Nicaragua, USA
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1857 May 1 |
William Walker, conqueror of Nicaragua, surrendered to the US Navy. Cornelius Vanderbilt helped finance a Costa Rican army, which defeated Walker’s forces, and paid men under Walker’s command to defect. Walker later sought protection on a British naval vessel, whose captain turned him over to Hondurans, who executed him in 1860. Links: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, USA
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1860 Sep 12 |
William Walker (b.1824), conqueror of Nicaragua, was convicted and executed by the government of Honduras. The British had arrested him and turned him over to the government. In 2008 Stephen Dando-Collins authored “Tycoon’s War: How Cornelius Vanderbilt Invaded a Country to Overthrow America's Most Famous Military Adventurer.” Links: Honduras, Nicaragua, USA
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1916 Feb 6 |
Ruben Dario (b.1867), Nicaraguan poet, died. Dario, one of Nicaragua's best-known poets, is considered the father of the Modernismo movement. Links: Nicaragua, Poet
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1956 Sep 21 |
Anastasio Somoza Garcia (b.1896), Nicaraguan dictator, was shot by poet Rigoberto Lopez Perez. He died on Sep 29 after being sent to a Panama Canal Zone hospital. Links: Nicaragua, Poet, Assassin
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1956 Sep 29 |
Anastasio Somoza (b.1896), Nicaraguan dictator, died at a Panama Canal Zone hospital after being shot on Sep 21 by poet Rigoberto Lopez Perez. He was succeeded by his son Luis Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1922-1967). Links: Nicaragua
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1961 Apr 19 |
Cuban forces shot down a B-26 bomber piloted by Captain Thomas Ray north of Larga beach, an area they controlled. Ray was flying the bomber from Nicaragua while on contract to the US CIA. In a 2004 trial in the US, forensics on Ray’s body proved that the cause of his death was a small bullet entry thru the head. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Cuba, CIA
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1961 |
Tomas Borge Martinez (1930-2012) helped found Nicaragua’s Sandinista front with the ambition of overthrowing the American-backed dictatorship of the Somoza family. Students chose the name in tribute to Augusto Cesar Sandino, the nationalist guerrilla leader who fought American Marines in the 1920s and 1930s. Links: Nicaragua
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1967 |
The US CIA put Manuel Antonio Noriega on its payroll and continued paying him to 1988. During Ronald Reagan’s presidency (1981-1989) Noriega was an invaluable conduit of cash and weapons to the Nicaragua contras. Links: Nicaragua, Panama, USA, CIA
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1968 Oct 23 |
In Nicaragua the Cerro Negro volcano began erupting again and continued to Dec 10. It had first appeared in 1850. Links: Nicaragua, Volcano
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1969 |
In Nicaragua the US based Pennwalt Corp. established a chlorine plant near Lake Managua. The plant shut down in 1991 and left 60 tons of mercury in the lake. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Environment
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1971 Apr 25 |
US canal rights in Nicaragua and rights to Nicaragua’s Corn Islands expired. Links: Nicaragua, USA
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1972 Dec 23 |
A 6.25 earthquake struck Managua, Nicaragua, and over 12,000 were killed. Pres. Somoza was later believed to have pocketed millions of dollars in foreign aid. The diversion of funds undermined his government and helped pave the way for the 1979 revolution. Links: Nicaragua, Earthquake, Disaster, Corruption
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1972 Dec 31 |
Roberto Clemente (b.1934), baseball player, died in a plane crash while enroute from Puerto Rico to help earthquake victims in Nicaragua. In 2006 David Maraniss authored “Clemente.” Links: Nicaragua, Air Crash, Baseball, Puerto Rico, Biography
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1978 Jan 10 |
In Nicaragua Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal (b.1924), journalist and editor of La Prensa, was shot dead. His murder sparked the Sandinista-led uprising that later toppled Somoza. His wife, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, later became head of the country and in 1996 published her autobiography: "Dreams of the Heart." The murder also inspired Susan Meiselas, photographer, to go to Nicaragua from NY. She spent ten years photographing events in the area, later published as "Nicaragua." The Sandinista Party was founded by Carlos Fonseca. Links: Nicaragua, Murder, Journalism
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1978 Mar 8 |
In Nicaragua General Raynoldo Perez Vega, the National Guard Chief, was assassinated. Links: Nicaragua, Assassin
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1978 Mar 9 |
National Guard Chief General Raynoldo Perez Vega was assassinated in Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua
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1978 Aug 22 |
In Managua, Nicaragua, a group of the Third Way faction, led by Eden Pastora Gomez (also known as Commander Zero--Comandante Cero), took over the National Palace and held almost 2,000 government officials and members of Congress hostage for two days. Sandinista guerrillas seized hostages at the Nicaraguan Congress building and after a 2-day siege obtained a hefty ransom, exile to Panama and the liberation of some 70 jailed comrades. Links: Nicaragua
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1979 Jun 20 |
ABC News correspondent Bill Stewart was shot to death in Managua, Nicaragua, by a member of President Anastasio Somoza's national guard. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Murder, Journalism
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1979 Jul 17 |
Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned and fled to Miami in exile. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Florida
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1979 Jul 19 |
The Nicaraguan capital of Managua fell to Sandinista guerrillas, two days after President Anastasio Somoza fled the country. Links: Nicaragua
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1979 |
In Nicaragua the Sandinistas led an insurrection against Gen’l. Somoza. Links: Nicaragua
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1980 Sep 17 |
Former Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza was assassinated in Paraguay. Enrique Gorriaran Merlo, Argentine super-guerrilla, claimed responsibility. Merlo was captured in Mexico in 10/95 and extradited to Argentina where he had multiple charges against him. Links: Argentina, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Mexico, Assassin
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1981 Aug |
Oliver North (b.1943) was assigned to White House duty as Chief Middle East arms-sales adviser to Secretary of Defense Casper W. Weinberger. He was fired on November 25, 1986, for selling arms to Iran, and diverting Iran arms sales proceeds to the contras. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Iran, DC
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1981 Sep |
The CIA was informed that a major Contra rebel group planned to sell drugs in the US to pay its bills. At the same time the Reagan administration was approving a covert CIA program to finance anti-Sandinista exile organization attempts to overthrow the Nicaraguan government. Links: Nicaragua, USA, CIA, ReaganR
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1981 Dec |
In Nicaragua Contra commander Enrique Bermudez (d.1991), a CIA agent, ordered Meneses and Blandon to begin trafficking in support of the Contras. Oscar Danilo Blandon had been recruited by Norwin Meneses to sell cocaine in California in order to raise money for the Nicaraguan Contras. Links: Nicaragua, USA, California, CIA
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1981 1982 |
In Nicaragua disagreements escalated between the English-speaking Indian peoples of the Caribbean coast who sought greater autonomy and Sandinista government forces. Armed clashes led to the forced relocation of thousands of Miskitos. Sandinista responses grew heavier as some Indians joined the US-backed "Contra" rebellion against the leftist government. At least 64 Miskito Indians were killed by Nicaraguan troops during this period. Links: Nicaragua
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1983 Apr 6 |
Melida Anaya Montes ("Comandante Ana Maria"), Salvadoran FMLN guerrilla leader, was killed in Nicaragua, where many Salvadoran guerrillas took refuge under its leftist government. In 2007 her body was exhumed and buried in her homeland. Links: El Salvador, Nicaragua, Murder
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1983 Jun |
James Carney (53) of St. Louis, Jesuit priest-turned-guerrilla, traveled to Nicaragua, where he joined leftist guerrillas. He was captured by soldiers in September as he led a column of 100 rebels across the border into Honduras. He was never heard from again. Suspected remains found in early 2003 proved false. Links: Honduras, Nicaragua, USA
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1983 Jul 19 |
In Honduras Reyes Mata, a Cuban-trained doctor and guerrilla leader, led a unit of 96 Nicaraguan-trained rebels and Rev. James F. Carney into the Olancho. They were routed by the Honduran army. American CIA records, disclosed in 1998, reported that Mata was tortured and executed by the Honduran army. Links: Honduras, Nicaragua, USA, CIA
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1983 |
Pope John Paul II came to Managua, Nicaragua, berated the leftist priests serving in the government of Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega, and ordered Catholics to obey their bishops and avoid "unacceptable ideological commitments". Links: Nicaragua, Vatican
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1984 Apr 10 |
US Senate condemned the January CIA mining of Nicaraguan harbors. Links: Nicaragua, USA, ReaganR
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1984 May 10 |
The International Court of Justice said the U.S. should halt any actions to blockade Nicaragua's ports. The U.S. had already said it would not recognize World Court jurisdiction on this issue. Links: Nicaragua, USA, ICJ
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1984 May 30 |
There was an assassination attempt on Eden Pastora Gomez, a Nicaraguan anticommunist revolutionary, by Sandinistas. The Costa Rica government of Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez failed to make a serious investigation. Two Costa Ricans, four Nicaraguan rebels and US journalist Linda Frazier were killed and more than 20 other people were wounded in the attack at the village of La Penca, near the Nicaraguan border. In 2011 a former Nicaraguan official confirmed that Vital Gaguine (d.1989), a leftist Argentine guerrilla, had been hired by the Sandinistas to kill Pastora. Links: Argentina, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, USA, Journalism
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1984 May |
Marta Healy, a Nicaraguan exile, contacted George Morales, a champion power boat racer and big-league drug trafficker under indictment in the US, to arrange a meeting with contra rebels at her Miami home. Her aim was to broker a deal to help the rebels financially. The rebels got an ok from the CIA to accept airplanes and cash from the drug dealer while still receiving CIA money under the table. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Florida, CIA
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1984 Dec |
In Nicaragua Fernando Cardenal (1934-2016), a Catholic priest and the new education minister for the Sandinista government, was expelled from the Jesuit order. He left the Sandinista National Liberation Front in 1995 and was reinstated as a Jesuit in 1997. Links: Nicaragua, Education
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1984 |
The CIA ran the Contra war in Nicaragua as a covert operation until this year when Congress cut off funds. The Reagan administration transferred the operation to Lt. Col. Oliver North, a member of the White House National Security staff. Links: Nicaragua, USA, CIA, ReaganR
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1984 |
The CIA equipped a plane belonging to Barry Seal, a drug smuggler and informant, with cameras. Seal flew the plane to Nicaragua and photographed an official of the Sandinista government and a leader of a Colombian drug cartel loading cocaine on the aircraft. Links: Nicaragua, USA, CIA, Drugs
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1984 |
In Costa Rica there was an assassination attempt on Eden Pastora Gomez, a Nicaraguan anticommunist revolutionary, by Sandinistas. The government of Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez failed to make a serious investigation. Links: Costa Rica, Nicaragua
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1984 |
The Nicaragua Sandinistas confiscated four farms that belonged to Juan Manuel Caldera. In 1996 Daniel Ortega promised Caldera control of 7 key economic ministries in an electoral pact for the presidency. Links: Nicaragua
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1985 Jan 18 |
President Reagan declared that the U.S. would not take part in the World Court ruling on Nicaraguan charges. Links: Nicaragua, USA, World Court, ReaganR
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1985 May 1 |
US president Reagan ordered an embargo against Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua, USA, ReaganR
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1985 Jun 12 |
The US House of Representatives approved $27 million in aid to the Nicaraguan contras. Links: Nicaragua, USA
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1985 Jun 27 |
The U.S. House of Representatives voted to limit the use of combat troops in Nicaragua. Links: Nicaragua, USA
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1985 Oct 7 |
The United States announced it would no longer automatically comply with World Court decisions. This was in response to a June 25, 1985, World Court ruling that U.S. involvement in Nicaragua violated international law. The ruling stemmed from a suit brought in April 1984 after revelations that the CIA had directed the mining of Nicaraguan ports. The U.S. later vetoed two U.N. resolutions calling for compliance to the World Court ruling. Links: Nicaragua, USA, UN, CIA, World Court
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1985 |
Sen. John Kerry of Mass. went to Nicaragua to meet with the Sandinista leadership. Kerry worked hard against Pres. Reagan’s efforts to fund CIA aid for the contras. Links: Nicaragua, USA, Massachusetts, CIA, ReaganR
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1985 |
The American CIA rewrote its 1983 training manual for security forces after public uproar over another manual that taught Nicaraguan contra rebels about neutralizing enemies and holding demonstrations that could provoke violence. Links: Nicaragua, USA, CIA
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sustainable development information to research going green!
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1985 |
In Nicaragua the Contras fought for power against the established Sandinistas. Links: Nicaragua
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1985 |
In Nicaragua a photographer captured the execution of a peasant ordered by Contra Commandante Mack, who in 1996 accompanied Daniel Ortega on a campaign for the presidency. Links: Nicaragua
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1985 |
In Nicaragua the 3,000 acre cotton ranch of Enrique Bolanos was expropriated by the Sandinistas. Links: Nicaragua
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1985 1986 |
Celerino Castillo III, a US agent for the DEA, reported Contra drug flights from Nicaragua to the US to US Embassy officials. His testimony in 1996 followed reports that the CIA was involved in smuggling drugs to southern California with the proceeds going to support Contra forces at war with the Sandinista government. Links: Nicaragua, USA, California, CIA
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1985 |
The Vatican suspended Rev. Miguel D’Escoto Brockmann and three other dissident priests in Nicaragua for defying a church ban on clergy holding government jobs. Brockmann served as the Sandinista government’s foreign minister from 1979-1990. In 2014 he was reinstated by Pope Francis. Links: Nicaragua, Vatican
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