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Romania
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80Mil BC 70Mil BC |
A dinosaur the size of a gigantic turkey lived in Europe during the late Cretaceous. In 2010 Romanian fossil hunters unearthed the remains of the velociraptor and named it Balaur Bondoc (stocky dragon). Europe at this time was an archipelago of islands. Links: Romania, Dinosaur, HistoryBC 
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700 800 |
Invading Slavs assimilated the Thracians in the area of modern Bulgaria and parts of Greece, Romania, Macedonia and Turkey. Links: Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece, Thrace
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1200 1300 |
The Csango people of Romania's remote eastern Carpathian mountains began settling around this time, dispatched by Hungarian rulers to defend the kingdom's easternmost frontier. Links: Romania, Hungary
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1382 |
In Romania Brasov Saxons built a castle at Bran, Transylvania. Links: Romania
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1431 1476 |
In Romania Vlad Tepes, aka Vlad the Impaler, the son of Vlad Dracul (Vlad the Dragon), was a 15th century gruesome Wallachian nobleman. Dracula means son of the dragon. He punished disobedient subjects and “unchaste” women by impaling them on sharpened logs, often dining amid the victims as they died. The family name changed to Kretzulesco and grew in stature with members upgraded to princes and princesses. Links: Romania
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1459 |
Vlad Tepes used Turkish prisoners to haul stones brick and mortar for his Poienari Citadel in Romania’s Transylvania region. Much of it fell down the mountain during a landslide in 1888. Links: Romania
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1691 |
In northwest Romania an icon was painted at a monastery in Nicula. According to legend, the icon of the Weeping Virgin, wept for 26 days in 1699. The first recorded miracle occurred in 1701 when it is said to have cured an army officer's wife who was going blind. The church attached to the monastery is named after St. Mary and pilgrimages there are made every year on Aug. 15, Mary's name day. In 1977, the church burned down, but the icon was unharmed. In 2005 low water level revealed its skeleton. Links: Romania
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1840 1860 |
Slavery existed on the territory of present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia in 13th–14th century, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s. Most of the slaves were of Roma (Gypsy) ethnicity. Links: Romania, Gypsies, Slavery
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1853 Jul |
Supported by Britain, the Turks took a firm stand against the Russians, who occupied the Danubian principalities (modern Romania) on the Russo-Turkish border. The Crimean War got under way in October. It was fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support, from January 1855, by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war aligned Anglican England and Roman Catholic France with Islam’s sultan-caliphs against the tsars, who saw themselves as the world’s last truly Christian emperors. Links: Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Britain, France, Bessarabia
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1856 Feb 20 |
Romania abolished the slavery of Gypsies, or Roma, but discrimination persisted against the group. Links: Romania, Gypsies, Slavery
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1856 Mar 30 |
Russia signed the Treaty of Paris ending the Crimean War. It guaranteed the integrity of Ottoman Turkey and obliged Russia to surrender southern Bessarabia, at the mouth of the Danube. The Black Sea was neutralized, and the Danube River was opened to the shipping of all nations. In 2010 Allen Lane authored “Crimea: The Last Crusade.” Links: Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Britain, France, Bessarabia
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1878 Mar 3 |
Russia and the Ottomans signed the Treaty of San Stefano, granting independence to Serbia. With the Treaty of San Stefano (and subsequent negotiations in Berlin) in the wake of the last Russo-Turkish War, the Ottoman Empire lost its possession of numerous territories including Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. The Russo-Turkish wars dated to the 17th century, the Russians generally gaining territory and influence over the declining Ottoman Empire. In the last war, Russia and Serbia supported rebellions in the Balkans. In concluding the Treaty of San Stefano, the Ottomans released control of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia, granted autonomy to Bosnia and Herzegovina, and allowed an autonomous state of Bulgaria to be placed under Russian control. Links: Albania, Bosnia, Turkey, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia
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1878 Mar 3 |
The Treaty of San Stefano was signed after Russo-Turkish War. It assigned Albanian-populated lands to Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia; but Austria-Hungary and Britain blocked the treaty's implementation. Albanian leaders meet in Prizren, Kosova, to form the League of Prizren. The League initially advocated autonomy for Albania. At the Congress of Berlin, the Great Powers overturned the Treaty of San Stefano and divided Albanian lands among several states. The League of Prizren began to organize resistance to the Treaty of Berlin's provisions that affected Albanians. Links: Albania, Austria, Bosnia, Turkey, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Britain, Montenegro, Serbia
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1887 |
Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum (1887-1979) founder of the Satmar Hassids in Satu Mare, Romania, was born. The ultra-orthodox sect of Judaism later established itself in NYC. Links: Romania, Jews
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1889 Jun 15 |
Mihai Eminescu, born in 1850 as Mihail Eminovici, died in Bucharest. He was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, and often regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Links: Romania, Poet
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1913 Jun 1 |
Serbia and Greece concluded a secret treaty for joint action against Bulgaria; joined by Romania. Dissatisfied with their share of the spoils, Serbia, denied its proposed outlet to the Adriatic Sea, sought compensation in Macedonia along the Vardar River which the Bulgarians rejected while Greece asked for control of Thessaloniki and "a certain part" of the eastern Macedonian territories, which Bulgaria rejected as well. Links: Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece
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1913 Jul 10 |
Rumania entered the Second Balkan War war and four days later the Ottoman Empire joined the general assault on Bulgaria. Faced with four fronts, Bulgarian armies were defeated piecemeal and the government at Sofia was forced to seek peace. Atrocities were widespread. For example, in pursuing the Bulgarian army Greek forces systematically burnt to the ground all Macedonian villages they encountered, mass-murdering their entire populations. Likewise, when the Greek army entered Kukush (Kilkis) and occupied surrounding villages, about 400 old people and children were imprisoned and killed. Nor did the Serbian "liberators" lag behind in destruction and wanton slaughter throughout Macedonia. In Bitola, Skopje, Shtip and Gevgelija, the Serbian army, police and chetniks (guerrillas) committed their own atrocities. Links: Albania, Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia
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1913 Aug 10 |
The Treaty of Bucharest ended the Second Balkan War. It was concluded by the delegates of Bulgaria, Roumania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. Links: Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, France, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece
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1918 |
The heir to Romania's throne, Prince Carol, secretly married Zizi Lambrino, a Romanian aristocrat. The marriage was later annulled because by law Romania's heir to the throne was obliged to marry a foreign princess. Their child, Mircea Grigore, was then regarded as an illegitimate son. Mircea, filed a request in a Lisbon court in 1955, demanding to be recognized as Carol's legitimate son. His request was granted. Links: Romania
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1919 Aug 1 |
In Hungary Bela Kun's government fell in the face of invasions from both the Czechs, Romanians and a French-sponsored counter-revolutionary force, led by Admiral Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya, which succeeded in establishing Horthy in government for many years. Links: Romania, France, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
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1920 Jun 4 |
The Treaty of Trianon, signed at Versailles, was forced upon Hungary by the victorious Allies after WWII and resulted in Hungary giving up nearly three-fourths of its territory to Romania, Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croat and Slovenes. Hungary lost more than half its population, including some 3 million Hungarians. Hungary ceded the hills of Transylvania to Romania. Links: Romania, France, Hungary, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Czechoslovakia
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1925 |
Miron Cristea (1868-1939) was enthroned as the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Links: Romania
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1928 Nov 26 |
US Justice Byron S. Waite ruled in Brancusi v. United States that Brancusi’s abstract sculpture, “Bird in Space,” qualified as part of a new school of art and that Edward Steichen should receive a refund for a tariff he had paid when customs officials classified it under the heading “Table, household, kitchen utensils and hospital supplies.” Brancusi (1876-1957) ended up producing 16 different versions of Bird in Space, one of which was donated the New York’s Museum of Modern Art in 1934. In 2005 an early marble version of Bird in Space sold for $27,456,000 in a Christie’s auction to an anonymous bidder. Links: Artist, Romania, USA, France
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1938 Feb 11 |
In Romania Carol II, who had banned political parties and established a royal dictatorship, chose Miron Cristea (1868-1939) to be the Prime Minister, a position from which he served for about a year. Patriarch Miron Cristea, who led the Romanian Orthodox Church from 1925 to 1939, was responsible for revising the citizenship law, stripping about 225,000 Jews, or 37% of the Jewish population, of their Romanian citizenship. Links: Romania, Jews, Holocaust
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1938 |
In Romania Bran Castle, owned by Queen Marie, was bequeathed to her daughter Princess Ileana. In 1948 it was confiscated by the Communists. In 2006 the fabled “Dracula’s Castle” was transferred to Dominic van Hapsburg, a New York architect who inherited it from Princess Ileana. Links: Romania, Architect
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1939 Mar 6 |
Miron Cristea, PM of Romania (1938-1939), died. Cristea was also the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1925-1939). Links: Romania
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1940 Jun 26 |
The Soviet Union delivered an ultimatum to Romania and 2 days later occupied Bessarabia and North Bukovina. Links: Russia, Romania, USSR, Moldova, Bessarabia
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1940 |
Moldova was formed from the former Republic of Moldavia and the ceded Romanian territory of Bessarabia. Links: Romania, Moldova
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1941 Jun |
In the northeastern city of Iasi, Romania, up to 12,000 people are believed to have died as Romanian and German soldiers swept from house to house to killing Jews. Those who did not die were systematically beaten, put in cattle wagons in stifling heat and taken to a small town, where what happened to them would be concealed. Of the 120 people on the train, just 24 survived. In 2010 a mass grave was found containing the bodies of an estimated 100 Jews killed by Romanian troops in a forest near the town of Popricani, about 350 km northeast of Bucharest. It contained the bodies of men, women and children who were shot in 1941. Links: Romania, Germany, Israel, Jews
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1941 Dec |
In Romania authorities ordered the dissolution of all Jewish organizations. Chief Rabbi Alexander Safran (1910-2006) helped set up the Jewish Council, an underground organization comprising all sectors of the Jewish population. The council used its links with Romanian church officials, the Vatican and the royal family in a bid to prevent the mass deportation of Romania's Jews to the Nazi extermination camps. Links: Romania, Jews, Nazi
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1943 Aug 1 |
Over 177 B-24 Liberator bombers attacked the German oil fields in Ploesti, Romania, for a second time. Of 1,762 airmen on the mission, 532 were killed, captured, interned or listed as missing in action. In 2007 Duane Schultz authored “Into the Fire: Ploesti” The Most Fateful Mission of World War II. Links: Romania, USA, Oil, Germany
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1944 |
The Soviet army re-conquered Bessarabia. Only then were the two parts of present-day Moldova joined together to form the Moldavian SSR. At the same time, about one-third of Bessarabia, including its entire Black Sea coastline, was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. The Transdniester region, having long been part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union, remained more Russified and Sovietized than Right-Bank Moldavia. Links: Russia, Romania, USSR, Moldova, Transdniestria
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1947 |
Chief Rabbi Alexander Safran was dismissed from his post and forced to leave Romania, making his home in Geneva. He had refused to cooperate with the new Jewish Democratic Committee, saying it was a Communist body intent on breaking up traditional Jewish organizations and bringing Jewish life in Romania to a standstill. Links: Romania, Jews
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1947 |
In Romania Ion Diaconescu (1917-2011), an anti-communist activist, was arrested after Communists came to power. He was released in 1964 under an amnesty for political prisoners, and helped re-establish the center-right Peasants' Party after communism ended in Romania in 1989. Links: Romania
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1948 Jan 3 |
King Michael left Romania. His Peles Castle in Sinaia was confiscated by the Communists. In 2006 it was returned to the former king. Links: Romania
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1949 |
In Romania Ticu Dumitrescu (1928-2000) was sentenced to 27 years prison for being an enemy of the state. From 1949 to 1964, he was incarcerated in communist jails or kept under house arrest. Links: Romania
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1954 |
A new bridge across the Danube linked the cities of Ruse, Bulgaria, and Giurgiu, Romania. Links: Romania, Bulgaria
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1957 Mar 16 |
Constantin Brancusi (b.1876), Romanian-born French sculptor, died. He willed his studio and work to France. Links: Artist, Romania, France
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1959 |
The first International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO), a World Championship Mathematics Competition for High School students, was held in Romania, with 7 countries participating. In 1978 Dr. George Lenchner (1917-2006 created the Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools (MOEMS, originally LIMOES). Links: Romania, USA, Math, Education
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1965 Mar 19 |
In Romania State Council Pres. Gheorghiu-Dej (b.1901) died. Gheorghe Apostol was defeated in a contest for Communist Party leader by Ceausescu, who ended up ruling Romania with an iron fist for 25 years. Links: Romania
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1965 Mar 24 |
Chivu Stoica (1908-1975), former Romanian prime minister (1955-1961), became President of the Council State of Romania. Links: Romania
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1969 Aug 2 |
Richard Nixon visited Romania becoming the first president to visit a communist nation since the start of the Cold War. Links: Romania, USA, NixonR
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1970 Apr 20 |
Paul Celan (49), Romania born poet, drowned himself in the Seine. English translations of his poems were published in 2001. Links: Romania, France, Poet
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1970 Jul 29 |
Jonel Perlea (69), Romania-born composer, died in NY. In 1957 he became the principal conductor of the Connecticut Symphony and continued there for ten years. Links: Romania, USA, Connecticut, Classical Music
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1972 Apr 27 |
Kwame Nkrumah (62), former president of Ghana, died in Romania of cancer. Links: Romania, Ghana
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sustainable development information to research going green!
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1974 Mar 28 |
In Romania the position of President of the Republic was created especially for Nicolae Ceausescu, who is then named President for life by Grand National Assembly. Links: Romania
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1976 |
Nadia Comaneci of Romania scored 7 perfect 10s in gymnastics at the summer Olympics in Montreal. Links: Romania, Canada, Olympics
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1977 Mar 4 |
A 7.4 earthquake in Romania killed about 1,570 people and was felt across southern and eastern Europe. Links: Romania, Earthquake, Disaster
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1977 |
In Romania Gen. Nicolae Plesita helped stifle striking coal miners in the Jiu Valley whose unrest posed a threat to Pres. Ceausescu. Links: Romania, Labor
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1978 |
Romania’s Gen. Ion Pacepa, a top ranking Securitate officer, defected to the United States. Pres. Ceausescu hired Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, aka Carlos the Jackal, to assassinate Pacepa but he failed. Links: Romania, USA, Assassin
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1980 1989 |
In Romania a huge building spree by Nicolae Ceausescu leveled entire neighborhoods in Bucharest and left a large number of stray dogs roaming the streets. Their number reached 100-200,000 in 1997. Links: Romania, Animal
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1981 Feb 21 |
A bombing in Munich of Radio Free Europe injured 9 people. Romania’s Pres. Ceausescu ordered Gen. Ion Pacepa to find temporary shelter for Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, aka Carlos the Jackal, in Romania after the bombing. Ceausescu sold arms and explosives to Ramirez and enabled him to produce counterfeit passports and driver's licenses. Links: Romania, Germany
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1984 Jul 28 |
The summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles for the second time. The Russians along with Cuba and Eastern Bloc countries boycotted the 23rd modern Olympic games. Iran and Libya also boycotted the games. Taiwan returned under the name Chinese Taipei. China appeared for the first time since 1952. The US won 83 gold medals, Romania was 2nd with 20. Women were allowed to compete in the Olympic marathon for the 1st time. Joan Benolt of the US won. The 1st Olympic Guide was published this year by David Wallechinsky. The 5th edition came out in 2000. Links: Russia, Romania, USA, China, California, Taiwan, Libya, Iran, Olympics, Cuba, USSR
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1988 Sep 21 |
The Soviet women's gymnastics team won the gold medal at the Seoul Summer Olympics, with Romania placing second and East Germany third. Links: Russia, Romania, Germany, South Korea, USSR
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1989 Nov 24 |
Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu was unanimously re-elected Communist Party chief. Within a month, he was overthrown in a popular uprising and executed along with his wife, Elena, on Christmas Day. Links: Romania
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1989 Nov 28 |
Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci arrived in New York after escaping her homeland by way of Hungary. Links: Romania, USA, NYC
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1989 Dec 15 |
A popular uprising that resulted in the downfall of Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu began as demonstrators gathered in Timisoara to prevent the arrest of the Reverend Laszlo Tokes, a dissident clergyman. Links: Romania
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1989 Dec 16 |
In Romania a revolt began in Timisoara when authorities tried to forcibly move ethnic Hungarian pastor Laszlo Toekes to a remote rural parish. Supporters gathered outside his house and soon the site was teeming with protesters. 6 days of fighting left 118 people killed. Links: Romania, Mad Crowd
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1989 Dec 22 |
In Romania there was a revolt and miners riots. Romania's hard-line Communist ruler, Nicolae Ceausescu, was toppled in a popular uprising following 23 years of dictatorial rule. Ion Ileascu and other top Communist functionaries of Ceausescu seized control. Ileascu ruled until Nov 1996. Links: Romania
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1989 Dec 23 |
Ousted Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, were captured as they were attempting to flee their country. Links: Romania
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