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150Mil BC |
In 2009 paleontologists in eastern France reported the discovery of some of the largest dinosaur footprints ever documented, measuring about 1.4 meters to 1.5 meters (4.6 feet to 4.9 feet) in diameter. The well-preserved footprints dating to about this time were found high in the Jura mountains, a literal sauropod stomping ground. Links: France, Dinosaur, HistoryBC 
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1.76Mil BC |
US and French researchers in 2011 identified Acheulian stone tools dating to about this time near the shoreline of Kenya’s Lake Turkana. Links: USA, France, Kenya, HistoryBC
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800000 BC |
Soleilhac, in the Massif Central of France, is the oldest unquestionable site of hominid occupation in Europe. It offers faunal remains and tools, but no hominid bones. Links: France, Anthropology, HistoryBC
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25000 BC |
In 2006 France took over ownership of a cave in the Vilhonneur forest where a human skeleton that dated to this time was found in a decorated room. Links: France, Anthropology, HistoryBC
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4500 BC |
Neolithic burial mounds dating to this time were later discovered at Carnac, northwest France. Links: France, Anthropology
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54 BC 52 BC |
The Gauls rose in revolt against Caesar. Links: France, Germany, Romans
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202 |
St. Iranaeus around this time was Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, then a part of the Roman Empire (later Lyons, France). He was an early church father and apologist, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. Links: France, Saint
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268 |
Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus, a Roman emperor of Batavian origin, died about this time. He usurped power from Gallienus in 260 and formed the so called Gallic Empire. He was recognized in Gaul, Germania, Britannia and Iberia until his murder in 268. Links: Spain, Britain, France, Germany, Romans
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273 |
The Gallic Empire of the Batavian Postumus ended. Links: France, Romans
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286 |
Carausius, a Roman naval officer, seized power in Britain and northern Gaul ruled until he was assassinated in 293. Links: Britain, France, Romans
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300 400 |
Saint Nectarius of Auvergne (also known as Nectarius of St-Nectaire, Nectarius of Limagne, Necterius of Senneterre), venerated as a 4th century martyr and Christian missionary, was one of the seven missionaries sent by Pope Fabian from Rome to Gaul to spread Christianity there. Nectarius was accompanied by the priests Baudimius (Baudenius, Baudime) and Auditor (Auditeur); tradition states that they were all brothers. Links: France, Vatican
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451 Apr 8 |
Attila's Huns plundered Metz and continued moving south along the Moselle River. Links: France, Hungary, Romans
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451 Jun 20 |
Roman and Barbarian warriors halted Attila’s army at the Catalaunian Plains (Catalarinische Fields) in eastern France. Attila the Hun was defeated by a combined Roman and Visigoth army. Theodoric I, the Visigothic king, was killed. The Huns moved south into Italy but were defeated again. Some sources date this on Sep 20. Attila and his brother Bleda jointly inherited the Hunnish Kingdom, headquartered in what later became Hungary. Attila later murdered Bleda to gain full control. Links: France, Hungary, Romans, Visigoths
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451 Sep 20 |
Roman General Aetius defeated Attila the Hun at Chalons-sur-Marne (Battle of the Catalaunian Plains). Many sources date this on Jun 20. Links: France, Hungary, Romans
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708 |
In France Bishop Aubert of Avranches had a dream in which Archangel Michael persuaded him to build an oratory dedicated to the saint on the rock off the Normandy coast known as Mont Tombe. Over the years it grew and became known as Mont St. Michel. Links: France
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794 |
Charlemagne created a single currency for his empire. Links: France, Holy Roman Empire, Money
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800 Dec 25 |
Pope Leo III crowned Frankish warrior-king Charlemagne as heir of the Roman emperors at the basilica of St. Peter's at Rome. Links: France, Vatican, Holy Roman Empire
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962 Feb 2 |
Otto I (912-973), founder of the Holy Roman Empire, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII. Links: Austria, France, Germany, Vatican, Holy Roman Empire
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1017 1144 |
A Romanesque nave was added to the abbey Mont St. Michel off the coast of Normandy, France. Links: France
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1053 Jun 18 |
In Italy Richard of Aversa helped win the Battle of Civitate, inflicting a decisive defeat over the papal army, which had joined Byzantium in an alliance against the Normans. Links: Italy, France, Byzantium, Vatican
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1137 Aug 1 |
Louis the Younger (1120-1180) of France was crowned King Louis VII. He had married Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine, just a few months earlier. Links: France
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1147 Oct 25 |
At the Battle at Dorylaeum (Turkey) Arabs beat Konrad III's crusaders. Conrad III of Germany and Louis VII of France had assembled 500,000 men for the 2nd Crusade. Most of the men were lost to starvation, disease and battle wounds. Links: Turkey, France, Germany
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1148 Jul 24 |
Crusaders, led by Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, attacked Damascus. It was a dismal failure and effectively ended the 2nd Crusade. Links: France, Germany, Vatican, Syria
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1152 Mar |
The marriage between King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine was annulled at a royal council in Beaugency. Links: France
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1152 May 18 |
Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry Plantagenet, a rebellious vassal of King Louis VII. Links: France
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1166 |
Diarmaid Mac Murchada, King of Leinster, met with Henry II in Aquitaine after he was dispossessed of land by Ruaidhri O Conchobair, the High King of Ireland. This meeting instigated the Norman invasion of 1169. Links: France, Ireland
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1169 May 1 |
The Norman invasion of Ireland, a two-stage process, began when a force of loosely associated Norman knights landed near Bannow, County Wexford. This was at the request of Dermot MacMurrough (Diarmait Mac Murchada), the ousted King of Leinster, who sought their help in regaining his kingdom. Stage 2 began in 1171 with the arrival of Henry II. Links: Britain, France, Ireland
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1171 Oct 18 |
Henry II (1133-1189) arrived in Ireland from France with an army and declared himself "Lord of Ireland". All of the Normans, along with many Irish princes, took oaths of homage to Henry by November, and he left after six months. He never returned, but in 1177 he named his youngest son, Prince John, as Lord of Ireland. Links: Britain, France, Ireland
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1180 Nov 14 |
Laurcan O'Toole (b.1128), Archbishop of Dublin (1161-1180), died in France. His name was later anglicized to Laurence O'Toole. He was canonized only forty-five years after his death. Links: France, Ireland, Saint
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1184 |
The first medieval inquisition, the episcopal inquisition, was established by a papal bull entitled Ad abolendam, "For the purpose of doing away with." The inquisition was in response to the growing Catharist heresy in southern France. It is called "episcopal" because it was administered by local bishops, which in Latin is episcopus. In 2012 Cullen Murphy authored “God’s Jury: The Inquisition and the making of the Modern World.” Links: France, Vatican
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1194 |
The French cathedral at Chartres was mostly destroyed by fire. The Sancta Camisia relic survived intact and the cathedral was rebuilt in 29 years. In 2008 Leo Hollis authored “Universe of Stone: Chartres Cathedral and the Triumph of the Modern Mind.” Links: France, Architect
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1204 Apr 1 |
Eleanor of Aquitaine (81), wife of Louis VII and Henry II, died in Poitiers. In 1950 Amy Kelly authored “Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings.” Links: Britain, France, Biography
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1211 1228 |
Vaulted halls called “La Marveille” were added to the abbey of Mont St. Michel off the coast of Normandy, France. Links: France
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1220 |
In France the main structure of Chartres cathedral was completed. In 2008 Philip Ball authored “Universe of Stone: A Biography of Chartres Cathedral.” Links: France, Architect
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1250 Feb 8 1250 Feb 11 |
The Battle of Al Mansurah was fought between crusaders led by Louis IX, King of France, and Ayyubid forces led by Emir Fakhr-ad-Din Yussuf, Faris ad-Din Aktai and Baibars al-Bunduqdari. Links: France, Egypt
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1250 Apr 6 |
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France, lost the Battle of Fariskur, Egypt, and was captured by Muslim forces . Links: France, Islam
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1306 Jul 22 |
King Phillip the Fair ordered the expulsion of Jews from France. They returned to Montpellier in 1319, having been recalled by King Sancho, who protected them in 1320 against the fury of the Pastoureaux. Links: France, Jews
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1311 Oct 16 |
The general Council of Vienne opened just south of Lyons. During the 2-year council Pope Clement V made the belief in the right to usury heresy and abolished all secular legislation which allowed it. Links: France, Vatican, Money
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1315 |
Louis X, Philip's brother and successor, allowed Jews back into France for financial considerations. Jews were often expelled because of pressure from the Church, economic or political considerations, only to be readmitted at a later date. Links: France, Money, Jews
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1331 |
Bernard Gui, Inquisitor in Toulouse, died. He authored “Practica Inquisitionis Heretice Pravitatis” (Conduct of the Inquisition into Heretical Wickedness), a manual for Inquisitors in which he listed heretics including Cathars, Waldensians, Beghards, Jews and witches. Links: France, Vatican, Jews, Religion
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1347 1350 |
The Black Death: A Genoese trading post in the Crimea was besieged by an army of Kipchaks from Hungary and Mongols from the East. The latter brought with them a new form of plague, Yersinia pestis. Infected dead bodies were catapulted into the Genoese town. One Genoese ship managed to escape and brought the disease to Messina, Sicily. The disease quickly became an epidemic. It moved over the next few years to northern Italy, North Africa, France, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, the Low countries, England, Scandinavia and the Baltic. There were lesser outbreaks in many cities for the next twenty years. An estimated 25 million died in Europe and economic depression followed. In 2005 John Kelly authored “The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time.” Links: Austria, Italy, Spain, Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Microbiology, Sicily
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1348 |
The Black Plague struck the Mediterranean Basin. Links: Italy, Spain, France, Microbiology
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1358 |
The French peasantry staged an uprising that came to be called the Jacquerie revolt. It was in part a reaction to widespread poverty during the Hundred Years War. Peasants revolted against the écorcheurs (mercenaries who fought in the war), who pillaged their land, and the nobles, who made extortionate demands but did not protect them. Links: France
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1390 Jul 1 |
A French and Genovese armada sailed out against Barbary pirates. Links: Italy, France, Morocco
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1415 Aug 13 |
King Henry V of England took his army across the English Channel and laid siege on the French port of Harfleur. Links: Britain, France
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1415 Oct 25 |
An English army under Henry V defeated the French at Agincourt, France. The French had out numbered Henry’s troops, but Welsh longbows turned the tide of the battle. The French force was under the command of the constable Charles I d’Albret. Charles I d’Albret, son of Arnaud-Amanieu d’Albret, came from a line of nobles who were often celebrated warriors. His ancestors had fought in the First Crusade (1096-99) and his father had fought in the Hundred Years War himself--first for the English before joining the side of France. Charles’ own exploits in the ongoing conflict came to an end at the Battle of Agincourt. The decisive victory for the outnumbered English saw the death of not only Charles, but a dozen other high-ranking nobles as well. But Charles’ fate did not end the Albrets as his descendants went on to become kings of Navarre, and later, France. In 2005 Juliet Barker authored “Agincourt: The King, the Campaign, and the Battle.” Links: Britain, France
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1415 Oct 25 |
Edward (b.1373), duke of York, died at the Battle of Agincourt. Links: Britain, France
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1417 145 |
This period was covered by Juliet Barker in her 2009 book: “Conquest: The English Kingdom of France 1417-1450.” Links: Britain, France, Historian
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1419 |
An English army under Henry V captured the duchy of Normandy. Links: Britain, France
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1420 May 21 |
King Charles VI of France signed the Treaty of Troyes. It recognized all the territorial gains of King Henry V, gave Henry the daughter of Charles, Catherine of Valois, in marriage, and acknowledged Henry as the legitimate heir to the French throne. Links: Britain, France
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1420 Dec 1 |
Henry V, King of England and de facto ruler of France, entered Paris. Links: Britain, France
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1422 Aug 31 |
Henry V (b.1387), King of England (1413-22) and France (1416-19), died. Links: Britain, France
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1431 Feb 21 |
The interrogation of Joan of Arc (1412-1431) began France. Links: France, Women
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1432 |
Zeeland became part of the Low Countries possession of Phillip the Good (1396-1467) of Burgundy. Links: France, Netherlands
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1435 Sep 21 |
Treaty of Atrecht. Philippe le Bon of Burgundy and French king Charles VII signed a treaty at Arras. Philippe broke with the English and recognized Charles as France’s only king. Links: Britain, France
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1442 Apr 28 |
Edward, the son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, was born in Rouen, France. He was crowned as Edward IV in 1461 and became the first king of the House of York (1471-1483). In a 2004 television documentary, records were found in the Rouen Cathedral archives which revealed that, from 14 July to 21 August 1441, the crucial five-week period in which Edward must have been conceived, Edward's supposed father was away on campaign at Pontoise, several days' march from Rouen (where Cecily of York was based), and that prayers were being offered for his safety. This was taken to suggest that the Duke of York could not have been available to father Edward. Links: Britain, France
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1443 |
Cardinal Beaufort (1375-1447) lent the English monarchy funds to finance 300 ships to carry 6 knights, 592 men-at-arms, and 3,949 archers to keep the French at bay. Links: Britain, France
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1444 Aug 26 |
In the Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs, fought near Basel in Switzerland, a Swiss force of some 1,600 soldiers stopped some 30,000 French mercenaries on their way to relieve a siege of Zurich. Links: France, Switzerland
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1445 |
Charles VII introduced France’s first standing army and within 2 years crushed the overstretched English. Links: Britain, France
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1446 1521 |
A Gothic choir with buttresses and pinnacles was added to the abbey Mont St. Michel off the coast of Normandy, France. It replaced one that had collapsed. Links: France
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