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Prussia
Prussia
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1506 |
Copernicus (1473-1543), Polish-born astronomer, was appointed canon of church properties in the Prussian diocese of Ermland. Links: Poland, Astronomy, Prussia 
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1519 |
Prussia experienced a monetary crises. Links: Money, Prussia
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1640 1945 |
In 1955 Stanford Prof. Gordon A. Craig (1913-2005) authored “The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945.” Links: Prussia
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1678 |
Frederick William, Brandenburg’s Great Elector, gave Bielefeld the privilege of certifying the quality of local linen. This cemented its position as a center for the textile trade. Links: Germany, Prussia
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1740 May 31 |
Frederick II (1712-1786) ascended to the throne as King of Prussia. Links: Prussia
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1740 Dec 16 |
Prussia’s Frederick the Great seized Silesia from the newly crowned Archduchess of Austria. She sent troops to reconquer Silesia. A showdown battle occurred on April 10, 1741, in Silesia at Mollwitz. Most of Silesia was seized by King Frederick the Great of Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession. Links: Austria, Prussia, Silesia
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1745 Jun 4 |
Frederick the Great of Prussia defeated the Austrians & Saxons. Links: Austria, Prussia
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1756 1763 |
The Seven Years War. France and Great Britain clashed both in Europe and in North America. In 2000 "Crucible of War" by Fred Anderson was published. France, Russia, Austria, Saxony, Sweden and Spain stood against Britain, Prussia and Hanover. Britain financed Prussia to block France in Europe while her manpower was occupied in America. This was later considered to be the first global war because of the number of countries involved. Links: Austria, Canada, Britain, USA, France, Prussia
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1763 |
Frederick the Great took over Die Konigliche Porzelan-Manufaktur. The royal porcelain factory was privatized by the state of Berlin in 2006. Links: Germany, Ceramics, Prussia
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1770 |
Prussia issued the first covered bonds. They were paid back from the issuer’s cash flow and were secured against a pool of assets. Links: Germany, Money, Prussia
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1786 Aug 17 |
Frederick the Great (b.1712) died. In 2000 Giles MacDonogh authored “Frederick the Great.” In 2001 David Fraser authored “Frederick the Great: King of Prussia.” In 2015 Tim Blanning authored “Frederick the Great: King of Prussia.” Links: Biography, Prussia
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1794 Nov 28 |
Friedrich WLGA von Steuben (64), Prussian-US inspector-general of Washington’s army, died in Oneida, NY. Baron von Steuben, a former Prussian captain, had arrived in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1777, and despite false credentials, was hired to drill and train Washington’s Continental Army. His manual of arms, known as the “Blue Book,” shaped basic training for American recruits for generations to come. In 2008 Paul Lockhart authored “The Drillmaster of Valley Forge: The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army.” Links: USA, Prussia
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1803 1815 |
In 2007 Charles Esdaile covered this period in his book: “Napoleon’s Wars: An International History, 1803-1815.” Links: Austria, Italy, Russia, Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, Germany, Vatican, Sweden, Prussia
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1805 |
Prussia sent Baron Wilhelm von Humboldt as envoy to the Vatican, the first Protestant state to do so. Links: Vatican, Prussia
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1813 Aug 26 1813 Aug 27 |
The Battle of Dresden was Napoleon’s last major victory against the allied forces of Austria, Russia and Prussia. French forces under Napoleon scored a victory against the Allied army led by Field Marshal Schwarzenberg. Three days after the battle, the Allies surrounded and captured a French corps at the Battle of Kulm. Links: Austria, Russia, France, Prussia
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1814 Sep |
The Congress of Vienna convened in late September and continued to June 8, 1815. Friedrich von Gentz of Austria served as secretary to the Congress. It was held after the banishment of Napoleon to Elba. The congress aimed at territorial resettlement and restoration to power of the crowned heads of Europe with Prince Metternich of Austria as the dominant figure. Viscount Castlereagh and the Duke of Wellington represented Britain. Alexander I stood for Russia. Talleyrand stood for France. Prince von Hardenberg stood for Prussia. In 2007 Adam Zamoyski authored “Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.” In 2008 David King authored “Vienna 1814: How the Conquerors of Napoleon Made Love, War and Peace at the Congress of Vienna. Links: Austria, Russia, Britain, France, Prussia
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1815 Apr |
British General Arthur Wellesley, duke of Wellington, began assembling troops at Brussels, Belgium. 73,000 British troops were joined by 33,000 German, Dutch and Belgian troops preparing to face Napoleon. Prussian Gen. Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher gathered an army of 120,000 southeast of Brussels. Links: Belgium, Britain, France, Netherlands, Prussia
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1815 Jun 8 |
The Congress of Vienna ended. Negotiations had begun in 1812 to rearrange Europe following the defeat of Napoleon. The final conclave began Nov 1, 1814. In 2007 Adam Zamoyski authored “Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.” Links: Austria, Russia, Britain, France, Prussia
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1815 Jun 16 |
A French attack at the crossroads called Quatre Bras badly mauled Anglo-Dutch army under Wellington, but failed to rout it or to take the crossroads. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had marched into Belgium to find himself confronted by two allied armies, which he tried to split apart. Although similarly battered at Ligny that day, the Prussian army also retired intact. Both armies would face Napoleon again two days later at Waterloo. Links: Belgium, Britain, France, Prussia
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1815 Jun 18 |
British and Prussian troops under the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon Bonaparte and his forces at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium. Links: Belgium, Britain, France, Prussia More
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1815 Sep 26 |
Russia, Prussia and Austria signed a Holy Alliance. "Justice, charity and peace" were to be the precepts that guided the Holy Alliance as envisioned by Czar Alexander I of Russia. The alliance of Russia, Austria and Prussia was formed after the downfall of Napoleon and later all European rulers signed the agreement except the prince regent of Great Britain, the pope and the sultan of Turkey. With no specific aims beyond mutual assistance, the provisions of the Holy Alliance were so vague that it had little effect on European diplomacy. Metternich quietly replaced the entire alliance by the purely political alliance of 20 November, 1815, between Austria, Prussia, Russia and England. Links: Austria, Turkey, Russia, Britain, France, Vatican, Prussia
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1815 Nov 20 |
The treaties known collectively as the 2nd Peace of Paris were concluded. Austria’s Klemens von Metternich helped create a “Concert of Europe,” a system by which 4-5 big powers kept miscreants in check and managed the affairs of smaller states for over a decade. Links: Austria, Russia, Britain, France, Prussia
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1820 Sep 28 |
Friedrich Engels (d.1895), socialist who collaborated with Karl Marx on The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, was born in Prussia. Links: Prussia
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1839 |
John Motley (1814-1877), American historian, anonymously authored the novel, “Morton's Hope, or the Memoirs of a Provincial.” It thinly disguised Otto von Bismarck as Otto von Rabenmarck. Links: Germany, Historian, Books, Prussia
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1848 Mar 19 |
The Prussian king promised many reforms in the face of an armed uprising, including an unfulfilled voting right for women. Links: Women, Prussia
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1848 May 23 |
Helmuth J.L. von Moltke, German general, chief of staff (WW I), was born. Links: Germany, Prussia
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1852 May 8 |
A war between Denmark and Prussia lasted three years (1848–50) and ended only when the Great Powers pressured Prussia into accepting the London Protocol of 1852. This was the revision of an earlier protocol, which had been ratified on August 2, 1850, by the major Germanic powers of Austria and Prussia. The 1852 London Protocol confirmed that the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein should remain undivided. Links: Britain, Germany, Denmark, Prussia
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1856 Jul 2 |
Prussian private bankers founded Berliner Handels-Gesselschaft. In 1970 the bank merged with Frankfurter Bank and became BHF-Bank. Links: Germany, Prussia, Banking
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1862 Sep 23 |
Otto von Bismarck became the 9th Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia. Links: Germany, Prussia
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1864 |
Prussia and Austria snatched Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark. The border was redrawn by plebiscite in 1920. After 1945 Germany and Denmark agreed to recognize the rights of minorities on both sides. Links: Austria, Germany, Denmark, Prussia
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1866 |
Hanover was annexed after losing a war with Prussia. Links: Germany, Prussia
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1871 Mar 21 |
Otto von Bismarck became the 1st Chancellor of the German Empire. Links: Germany, Prussia
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1889 |
Prussia under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck adopted old-age and invalidity pensions. Prussian average life expectancy was about 45. Links: Germany, Labor, Prussia
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1891 Apr 24 |
Helmuth Karl Bernhard Graf von Moltke (b.1800), German Field Marshal, died. He was the chief of staff of the Prussian Army for thirty years and became later regarded as one of the great strategists of the latter 19th century. Links: Germany, Prussia
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1898 Jul 30 |
Otto von Bismarck (b.1815), German-Prussian statesman and former "Iron" chancellor (1871-1890), died. He held the German social security system as his greatest accomplishment. In 1986 Lothar Gall authored “Bismarck.” In 2011 Jonathan Steinberg authored “Bismarck: A Life.” Links: Germany, Biography, Prussia
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1915 |
Hans Leip, in training for the Prussian Guard, authored the poem “Song of a Young Sentry.” It reflected his recent meetings with two women named Lili and Marlene. In 1938 Norbert Schultze of Berlin put it to music. The composition was then recorded by cabaret chanteuse Lale Anderson and became hugely as the song “Lili Marlene.” In 2008 Liel Leibovitz and Matthew Miller authored “Lili Marlene: The Soldier’s Song of World War II.” Links: Germany, Poet, Pop&Rock, Prussia
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