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1912 Nov 5 |
Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected the 28th president, defeating Progressive Republican Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent Republican William Howard Taft. Wilson had served as the president of Princeton Univ. California’s Gov. Hiram Johnson was the running mate for former Pres. Theodore Roosevelt on a Progressive Party platform that included a universal system of social insurance to protect all Americans from the “hazards of sickness.” In 2004 James Chace authored “1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft & Debs – The election that Changed the Country. Links: USA, California, TaftW, WilsonW, RooseveltT 
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1913 Dec 2 |
Woodrow Wilson re-established the tradition of delivering the US state of the union address in person. He was the first to do so since John Adams in 1800. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1913 Dec 23 |
The Federal Reserve Act (Owen-Glass Act) was signed by Pres. Wilson. It established the decentralized, government-controlled banking system in the US known as the Federal Reserve. It repealed the gold standard and replaced it with a system that ensured that the US dollar would be a better store of value than gold. The goal was to strive for maximum employment and price stability. The act guarded against inflation but allowed deflation. It was the first thorough reorganization of the national banking system since the Civil War. A compromise split monetary policy between politically appointed governors in Washington, DC, and the presidents of 12 regional banks, with boards appointed in part by private bankers. Links: USA, WilsonW, Banking
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1914 Aug 6 |
Ellen Louise Wilson, the first wife of the twenty-eighth president, Woodrow Wilson, died of Barite’s disease. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1914 Aug 18 |
President Wilson issued his Proclamation of Neutrality, aimed at keeping the United States out of World War I. Links: USA, WilsonW, WWI
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1915 Jan 26 |
President Woodrow Wilson signed the Rocky Mountain National Park Act. The 415 square miles park, northwest of Denver, was created following a decade of lobbying by photographer and naturalist Enos Mills. During its first year the park drew some 31,000 visitors. Links: USA, Colorado, WilsonW
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1915 Feb 20 |
President Wilson opened the Panama-Pacific Expo in San Francisco to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal. A 20-acre salt marsh was paved over at Crissey Field for the Expo. It was held on what later became the Marina District and 300,000 people attended opening day. The fair was crowned by a 43-story Tower of Jewels decorated with cut glass. Herb Caen later claimed to have been conceived during the expo. A 40-ton organ with 7,000 pipes played the "Hallelujah Chorus." It was made by the Austin Organs Co. of Hartford, Conn. After the fair it was moved to the Civic Auditorium and used for 7 decades until the 1989 earthquake damaged it. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1916 Jan 28 |
Louis D. Brandeis, a private practice attorney and leader in the US Zionist movement, was appointed by President Wilson to the Supreme Court, becoming its first Jewish member. He served until 1939. Links: USA, Supreme Court, WilsonW
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1916 Mar 9 |
Pancho Villa led 1,500 horsemen in a night raid on Columbus, New Mexico. Seventeen US soldiers and citizens were killed as the town was looted and burned. President Woodrow Wilson responded by ordering General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing to "pursue and disperse" the bandits. Wilson called out 158,664 National Guard members to deal with the situation. Links: USA, California, Mexico, New Mexico, WilsonW
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1916 Mar 10 |
US President Woodrow Wilson ordered General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing to pursue and capture Pancho Villa, following Villa’s raid in New Mexico. Links: USA, Mexico, WilsonW
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1916 |
Pres. Wilson signed the federal estate tax into law. It was a levy on the transfer of large fortunes between generations. In 2006 Michael Graetz and Ian Shapiro authored “Death by a Thousand Cuts,” a unique portrait of American politics as viewed through the lens of the death tax repeal saga. Links: USA, Taxes, WilsonW
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1917 Feb 26 |
President Wilson publicly asked congress for the power to arm merchant ships. When the United States entered World War I, propagandist George Creel set out to stifle anti-war sentiment. Pres. Wilson, following his 1916 re-election, had asked the NY publicist to design a public relations campaign to swing the country’s interests to support Britain and France. Links: USA, WilsonW, WWI
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1917 Mar 2 |
President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones-Shafroth Act. This law gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. The Jones Act separated the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches of Puerto Rican government, provided civil rights to the individual, and created a locally elected bicameral legislature. The two houses were a Senate consisting of 19 members and a 39-member House of Representatives. However, the Governor and the President of the United States had the power to veto any law passed by the legislature. Also, the United States Congress had the power to stop any action taken by the legislature in Puerto Rico. Links: USA, Puerto Rico, WilsonW
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1917 Mar 8 |
The US Senate voted to limit filibusters by adopting Rule XXII, the cloture rule, introduced at the urging of Pres. Wilson. The Senate had operated without a cloture rule since 1806. The rule required a 2/3 vote. In 1975 it amended to a 3/5 vote. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1917 Jul 23 |
Pres. Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order for saloons within a half mile of military reservations to close. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1917 Aug 10 |
The US Congress passed the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act. It gave Pres. Wilson the power to regulate the transportation, production and storage of wartime necessities. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1918 Sep |
Pres. Woodrow Wilson ordered all US breweries to shut down on December 1 in order to save grain for the war effort. Links: USA, Beer, WilsonW
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1918 Dec 1 |
US breweries shut down due to a September directive from Pres. Wilson. Links: USA, Beer, WilsonW
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1919 Oct 28 |
Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, or Volstead Act, over President Wilson’s veto. It was named after its promoter, Congressman Andrew J. Volstead, and provided enforcement guidelines for the Prohibition Amendment which had been ratified January 29. Links: USA, Wine, Beer, Liquor, WilsonW
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1920 |
The US Congress repealed 60 wartime measures despite the objections of Pres. Wilson. Republican presidential nominee Harding pledged that he would abjure executive autocracy. Links: USA, WilsonW
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1924 Feb 3 |
Woodrow Wilson (68), the 28th president of the United States, died in Washington. The Woodrow Wilson Foundation in 1958 asked Prof. Arthur Link (1920-1998) of Northwestern Univ. to oversee the publication of Wilson’s papers. Link spent 35 years on the project and completed his 69th and final volume in 1983. Link also produced a 5-volume biography on Wilson. In 2013 A. Scott Berg authored the biography “Wilson.” Links: USA, WilsonW
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1934 Dec 18 |
Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US President, appeared on a Gold certificate valued at $100,000, largest note ever issued by the United States. It was only printed between December 18, 1934 and January 9, 1935 and used only for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks. Salmon P. Chase, the U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Lincoln, appeared on the $10,000 bill, James Madison on the $5,000 bill and Grover Cleveland on the $1,000 bill. All of these bills ceased being printed in 1946. Links: USA, Money, WilsonW
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1938 Mar 28 |
Colonel Edward Mandell House (b.1858), friend and advisor to Pres. Woodrow Wilson, died in Texas. In 2006 Godfrey Hodgson authored “Woodrow Wilson’s Right Hand: The Life of Colonel Edward M. House.” Links: USA, WilsonW
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2020 Jun 27 |
Princeton University announced plans to remove the name of former President Woodrow Wilson from its public policy school because of his segregationist views, reversing a decision the Ivy League school made four years ago to retain the name. Wilson served as governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. He then served as the 28th US president from 1913 to 1921, supported segregation and imposed it on several federal agencies not racially divided up to that point. He also barred Black students from Princeton while serving as university president and spoke approvingly of the Ku Klux Klan. Links: USA, Black History, New Jersey, WilsonW
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