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1234 |
Ugoodei attacked and overcame the Chin (Juchen) dynasty of China. Links: China 
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1235 Jan 2 |
Emperor Joseph II ordered the Jews of Galicia, Austria, to adopt family names. Links: Austria
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1235 Sep 5 |
Henry I, duke of Brabant, died. Brabant was a duchy later divided between Netherlands and Belgium. Links: Belgium
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1235 |
A murder was solved when field men were told to lay down their rice sickles and flies landed on only one. Links: China
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1236 Jun 29 |
In Spain Christian forces under Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon took Cordoba. The last Islamic kingdom left in Spain is that of the Berbers in Granada. Links: Spain, Islam
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1236 |
Queen Rusudani (41), the daughter of Queen Tamara, fled Georgia as the unstoppable Mongol hordes ravished the area. She had been proclaimed "King" at the death of her brother. Links: Georgia, Mongolia
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1236 |
In Spain the Great Mosque of Cordoba was transformed into a cathedral after King Ferdinand III captured the city from the Moors. Links: Spain, Islam
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1237 Mar 23 |
Jan of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, died. Links: Byzantium, Romans
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1237 1238 |
Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, invaded Russia. Links: China
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1237 1240 |
Mongols conquered Russian lands. Links: Russia, Mongolia
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1237 1240 |
Lithuanians first made contact with the Mongols about this time, though for the next decade or two the Mongols did not consider Lithuanian-held territories a priority. Links: Lithuania, Mongolia
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1238 1263 |
The Byzantine Hagia Sophia church in Trebizond was built during the reign of Manuel I during this period. It was converted to a mosque in the 16th century. Links: Byzantium, Trebizond
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1239 |
Roman Emperor Frederick II was excommunicated a 2nd time because his growing empire threatened the independence of the papal states. Links: Germany, Vatican, Holy Roman Empire
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1240 Apr 11 |
Llywelyn ab Iorwerth the Great, monarch of Wales (1194-1240), died. Links: Wales
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1241 Apr 11 |
Mongol armies defeated the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohi. The devastating Mongol invasion killed half of Hungary's population. Links: Hungary, Mongolia
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1241 Sep 23 |
Snorri Sturluson (b.1179), Icelandic historian, poet, and politician, died. He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda, which consists of Gylfaginning ("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the Skáldskaparmál, a book of poetic language, and the Háttatal, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings. Links: Poet, Historian, Iceland
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1241 Dec |
The Great Khan Ogedei died after completing the Mongol conquest of China and Korea. In April the Mongols routed the armies of Poles, Germans, and Hungarians, at Liegnitz and Mohi, within easy distance of Vienna. Only the death of Ogedei stopped their advance into Europe. Links: Austria, China, Germany, Korea, Hungary, Poland, Mongolia
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1241 |
Of the 150,000-strong horde that invaded Europe, only around a third were ethnic Mongols. Links: Mongolia
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1243 1254 |
Pope Innocent IV. He established canon law that recognized communities such as cathedral chapters and monasteries as legal individuals. Links: Vatican
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1244 Jul 11 |
The Khwarezmian Turks attacked Jerusalem. By August 23 they completely razed it and left it in ruins useless to both Christians and Muslims. Links: Iran, Israel, Palestine, Crusades
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1244 Aug 23 |
Khwarezmian Turks expelled the crusaders under Frederick II from Jerusalem. Jerusalem’s citadel, the Tower of David, surrendered. The Turks ruthlessly decimated the population, leaving only 2,000 people, Christians and Muslims, still living in the city. This attack triggered the Europeans to respond with the Seventh Crusade. Links: Iran, Israel, Palestine, Crusades
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1244 Oct 17 |
The Sixth Crusade ended when an Egyptian-Khwarismian force almost annihilated the Frankish army at Gaza. Links: Vatican, Egypt
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1244 |
Sheikh Abu el Haggag, Tunisian born Sufi, died in Luxor, Egypt. His family was from Mecca and traced its lineage to Mohammed. He founded a Sufi mosque in Luxor and is buried there. An annual celebration in Luxor, called the Moulid, celebrates his birthday. Egyptologists believe this event is related to the ancient Opet Festival from the 18th Dynasty. Links: Egypt
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1244 |
Pope Innocent III launched the Albigensian Crusade, a forerunner of the Inquisition, which systematically besieged and exterminated the Cathars. Links: Vatican
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1245 |
Thomas Aquinas was sent to Paris where he enrolled as a student of Albertus Magnus to study theology, philosophy, and history. In 1974 Michael R. Best and Frank H. Brightman edited "The Book of secrets of Albertus Magnus," which contained a recipe for Greek Fire. Links: Vatican
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1245 |
In Germany the Rheinfels castle was built by Count Diether V von Katzenelnbogen to protect the St. Goar tax collectors. It soon developed into one of the mightiest fortresses in the Middle Rhine region. His family was responsible for many of the Rhine castles. Links: Germany, Taxes
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1246 |
Khan Guyuk sent a letter to the Vatican from Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol empire. The letter was retained in the Vatican archive and made available to the public in 2010. Links: Vatican, Mongolia
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1247 |
Zen monk Yishan Yining (d.1317), calligrapher and poet, was born. Links: China
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1247 |
In London the Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem was founded. It survived centuries of religious turmoil and eventually became an insane asylum. The word “bedlam” is a contraction of its name. Links: Britain
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1248 |
Carreg Cennen, a castle on a hilltop above Trapp, Wales, was built as a Welsh stronghold. Links: Wales
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1250 Feb 8 1250 Feb 11 |
The Battle of Al Mansurah was fought between crusaders led by Louis IX, King of France, and Ayyubid forces led by Emir Fakhr-ad-Din Yussuf, Faris ad-Din Aktai and Baibars al-Bunduqdari. Links: France, Egypt
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1250 Apr 6 |
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France, lost the Battle of Fariskur, Egypt, and was captured by Muslim forces . Links: France, Islam
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1250 Apr 15 |
Pope Innocent III refused Jews of Cordova, Spain, permission to build a synagogue. Links: Vatican
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1250 May 2 |
Toeransa, sultan of Egypt, was murdered. Links: Egypt
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1250 |
The Anasazi in southwest Colorado fought a battle against unknown enemies. Number of kivas built greatly increased. Quality of workmanship in building decreased. People began to leave. Links: AmerIndian
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1250 1400 |
In the Upper Xingu region of Brazil's Mato Grosso state thousands of people occupied 19 settlements in 2 clusters over this period according to archeological findings in 2003. Links: Brazil
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1250 |
China began manufacturing guns. Links: China
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1250 1517 |
The Mamelukes (aka Mamluks - Arabic for chattel), a military class initially composed of slaves, seized control of the Egyptian Sultanate and ruled until 1517. Links: Egypt
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1250 1382 |
The Bahri Mamluks ruled Egypt. Links: Egypt
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1250 1300 |
Maori ancestors arrived in New Zealand. By 2013 the country had lost 51 species of birds, 3 of frogs, 3 of lizards and one of a freshwater fish. Links: New Zealand, Animal
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1251 |
Mindaugas of Lithuania accepted Christianity with his wife, 2 sons, about 600 of his nobility and many of his people. An envoy was then sent to Rome to request the Pope’s formal approval for coronation which was granted. The German Order then worked closely with Mindaugas in establishing the first Bishopric in Lithuania and were in turn granted lands in western Lithuania (Zemaiciuose). Pope Innocent IV authorized Mindaugas to be crowned King. Links: Vatican
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1253 Jul 23 |
Jews were expelled from Vienne, France, by order of Pope Innocent III. Links: Vatican
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1253 Aug |
Pope Innocent IV, after much worry about the order's insistence on absolute poverty, finally approved the rule of the 2nd Order of the Franciscans, the Poor Clares, founded by St. Clare of Assisi, the great friend of St Francis. Links: Vatican
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1253 1278 |
Ottocar II, son and successor of Wenceslaus I, served as king of Bohemia. Links: Bohemia
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1253 |
A Franciscan friar journeyed to China to see the Great Khan. Links: China
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1253 |
Dogen Zenji (b.1200), Japanese founder of the Soto School of Zen Buddhism, died. In 2010 Zenji’s masterwork “Treasury of the True Dharma Eye” was translated into English. Links: Japan
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1255 Mar 6 |
Pope Alexander IV permitted Mindaugas to crown his son as king of Lithuania. Links: Vatican
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1255 |
Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) was founded on the Baltic Sea by the Bohemian King Otakar II, who came to help Teutonic Knights during their conquest of Prussia disguised as the Christianization effort called the Northern Crusades. It was annexed by Russia in 1945. Links: Bohemia
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1256 |
Thomas Aquinas received his license to teach. He became involved in the current questions of doctrine on two basic issues. He sided with the Nominalists as opposed to the Realists on the question of "universals". The second issue was based on Aristotle's notion of nature. Aquinas saw a distinction between spirit and nature but also a unity. Links: Vatican
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1257 |
In Nepal an earthquake destroyed almost all of the Kathmandu Valley. A Newar architect named Araniko (1245-1306) emerged during the reconstruction of palaces, temples and pagodas. He was later summoned by Kublai Khan to work in Beijing, where his work included the White Stupa of Miaoying Temple, completed in 1288. Links: Nepal, Earthquake
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1258 Feb 10 |
Huegu (Hulega Khan), a Mongol leader and grandson of Genghis Khan, seized Baghdad following a 4-day assault. Mongol invaders from Central Asia took over Baghdad and ended the Abbasid-Seljuk Empire. They included Uzbeks, Kazaks, Georgians and other groups. Some 200 to 800 thousand people were killed and looting lasted 17 days. Links: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Iraq, Georgia, Mongolia, Iran, Persia
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1258 |
The Abbasids fled from Baghdad to Egypt following the Mongol invasion that ended the Abbasid-Seljuk Empire. Links: Iraq, Mongolia, Egypt
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1258 |
The first major incursion of Mongols from the Golden Horde under Burundai on the Lithuanian territories took place in winter of 1258. It was likely a reaction to Lithuanian incursions into Mongol-held territories. After raiding Lithuania and the Yotvingians, the next year, two tumens (20,000 men), under the leadership of Berke, attacked Poland (in what is known as the second Mongol invasion of Poland). Links: Poland, Lithuania, Mongolia
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1259 1294 |
The great Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis, reigned. Links: China
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1260 Oct 24 |
Saif ad-Din Qutuz (aka Koetoez), Turkish sultan of Egypt, was murdered. Links: Turkey, Egypt
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1260 1294 |
The Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan reached its height. Links: China
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1260 1344 |
Chen Shen, Chinese scholar. Links: China
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1260 1368 |
The Yuan Dynasty ruled in China with the capital in Beijing. The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan. Links: China
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1260 1368 |
Musical productions known as Zaju became popular during the Yuan Dynasty. Zaju, an early form of opera, combined music, dance, song and speech into 4-act dramas with complex plots and characters. Links: China
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1260 1390 |
Carbon-14 dating techniques in 1988 determined that the cloth of the Shroud of Turin dated to this period. E.T. Hall (d.2001 at 77) of Oxford Univ. led the testing, which was later held in question. In 1978 Walter C. McCrone (d.2002), chemical analyst, determined that the image was painted on the cloth some 1300 years after the crucifixion of Christ. Links: Vatican
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