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1322 Mar 23 |
In York, England, Roger de Clifford was hanged and left hanging in a cage outside a tower (Clifford’s Tower) for a year and a day. He had been involved in a rebellion against King Edward II's favorite Huge Lord de Despencer, and ultimately against the King himself. Links: Britain 
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1322 |
Zhao Mengfu (b.1254), Chinese calligrapher, died. His work included a hand scroll of “The Sutra on the Lotus of the Sublime Dharma.” Chao Meng-fu was a prince and descendant of the Song Dynasty's imperial family, and a Chinese scholar, painter and calligrapher during the Yuan Dynasty. Links: Artist, China
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1324 Jan 9 |
Venetian traveler, merchant and writer Marco Polo, preparing for his final journey, summoned a priest-notary to his home in Venice and recorded his will in Latin on a sheepskin. Polo left money to Church institutions in Venice, forgave outstanding debts, and freed his indentured servant, a Tatar he had named Peter. Polo left nearly everything else to his wife and three daughters. Links: Italy, Venice, Explorer
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1324 Feb 10 |
The pope officially chastised the Knights of the Cross for ill treatment of Catholics and for pushing pagans away from Christianity. Links: Vatican
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1325 |
Ibn Battuta (20), a Muslim, left his home in Tangier to journey to Mecca. He traveled in Arabia, Asia, Africa, and Spain and recorded many exciting adventures. His travels lasted some 29 years were described in his book “The Rihla.” In 1986 Ross E. Dunn authored “The Adventures of Ibn Battuta” based on The Rihla. Links: Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Books, Islam
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1325 |
The Aztecs founded Tenochtitlan, later known as Mexico City, about this time. Links: Mexico, Aztec
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1327 Sep 21 |
Edward II of England died. He was believed murdered by order of his wife, Queen Isabella, and Baron Robert Mortimer. Links: Britain
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1327 |
Chinese artist Ren Renfa (b.1254) died. His work included the 6.6 foot scroll title "Five Drunken Princes Returning on Horseback." In 2020 the scroll sold for $41.8 million at a Sotheby's auction in Hong Kong. Links: Artist, China
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1328 May 26 |
William of Ockham was forced to flee from Avignon by Pope John XXII. Links: Vatican
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1328 Sep 26 |
Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (b.1263), a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located in what is now Turkey, died. He lived in Damascus during the troubled times of the Mongol invasions. As a member of the school founded by Ibn Hanbal, he sought the return of Islam to its sources: the Qur'an and the Sunnah. He had adopted the notion of takfir, denouncing as apostates Muslims whom he deemed wayward, a crime punishable by death. Links: Turkey, Syria, Arab, Islam
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1328 |
Moscow became the seat of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate. Peter the Metropolitan moved from the capital Vladimir to Moscow. Links: Russia
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1330 Jun 15 |
Edward the Black Prince, the eldest son of Edward III and Prince of Wales (1343-1376), was born. He was the first Duke created in England, the Duke of Cornwall. Links: Wales
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1331 |
Bernard Gui, Inquisitor in Toulouse, died. He authored “Practica Inquisitionis Heretice Pravitatis” (Conduct of the Inquisition into Heretical Wickedness), a manual for Inquisitors in which he listed heretics including Cathars, Waldensians, Beghards, Jews and witches. Links: France, Vatican, Jews, Religion
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1332 Feb 13 |
Andronicus II Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor (1282-1328), monk, died. Links: Byzantium, Romans
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1332 1370 |
Descendants of earlier Ghorid rulers reasserted control over Afghanistan. Links: Afghan
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1333 Nov 4 |
In Florence, Italy, the Arno River flooded causing some 3,000 deaths. Links: Italy, Florence, Flood
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1333 |
The Black Death erupted in China. Links: China
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1335 |
Charles I of Hungary-Croatia, Casimir III of Poland and John of Bohemia met in Visegrad, Hungary, and agreed to create new commercial routes to bypass the staple port Vienna and obtain easier access to other European markets. Links: Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Croatia
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1336 1405 |
Timur (aka Timur Lang or Timur Lenk or Tamerlane because of a lame leg) was a Tartar conqueror of a vast empire from southern Russia to Mongolia and southward to India, Persia, and Mesopotamia. After his death the empire fell apart. Prince Timur is a national hero of Uzbekistan. Links: Uzbekistan, Russia, India, Persia, Mesopotamia
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1337 Jan 8 |
Giotto (b.c.1267), Italian artist, died. His frescoes showed a new realism and vitality. Art historians later held that the Renaissance dawned in Florence with Giotto's paintings. He cracked the formal stylization of Byzantine painting and reinvented the ancient art of creating depth on a flat surface. In 2000 art historians found evidence that Pietro Cavallini re-introduced depth in his paintings in Rome around 1190. Links: Artist, Italy, Renaissance
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1337 |
Edward III’s claim to the French throne sparked the Hundred year’s War between England and France. Links: Britain, France
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1339 |
King Edward III of England repudiated his debt to Florentine bankers. Links: Britain, Florence, Banking
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1341 |
German Knights of the Cross negotiated the acquisition of Tallinn from Denmark and took over all of Estonia. Links: Estonia
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1342 |
A tombstone in Yangchou marked the death of an Italian girl named Katerina. Links: China
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1343 |
Geoffrey Chaucer (d.1400), English author, poet and diplomat, was born about this time. Links: Britain, Poet, Writer
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1346 Nov 26 |
Charles of Luxembourg was crowned German king. He succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg. Links: Bohemia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg
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1347 Oct |
Sailors carrying plague from Genoa arrived in Messina, Sicily. Links: Black Sea More
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1347 Dec 3 |
Pope Clemens VI declared Roman tribune, Cola di Rienzi, a heretic. Links: Vatican
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1347 1350 |
The Black Death: A Genoese trading post in the Crimea was besieged by an army of Kipchaks from Hungary and Mongols from the East. The latter brought with them a new form of plague, Yersinia pestis. Infected dead bodies were catapulted into the Genoese town. One Genoese ship managed to escape and brought the disease to Messina, Sicily. The disease quickly became an epidemic. It moved over the next few years to northern Italy, North Africa, France, Spain, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, the Low countries, England, Scandinavia and the Baltic. There were lesser outbreaks in many cities for the next twenty years. An estimated 25 million died in Europe and economic depression followed. In 2005 John Kelly authored “The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time.” Links: Austria, Italy, Spain, Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Microbiology, Sicily, Crimea
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1347 |
Charles IV (1316-1378) of the House of Luxembourg was crowned King of Bohemia. Links: Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg
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1347 1350 |
British limited records later suggested up to 50,000 victims were buried in less than three years in the Farringdon cemetery as the bubonic plague ravaged London. Links: Britain, Microbiology, Medical
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1348 Apr 7 |
Prague Univ., the 1st in central Europe, was started by Charles IV. Links: Czechoslovakia
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1348 Apr 23 |
King Edward III of England established the Order of the Garter, the first English order of knighthood. Links: Britain
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1348 Jun 9 |
Ambrogio Lorenzetti (b.1290), Italian painter of the Sienese school, died. His work included the 3 murals titled “War,” “Peace” and “Good Government,” in the Chamber of Peace of Siena’s town hall. Links: Artist, Italy
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1348 Nov 15 |
Rudolph of Oron, a bailiff in Lausanne, wrote a letter to the Strasbourg authorities in which he declared that certain Jews of Lausanne confessed to poisoning all the drinking wells in the Rhine Valley that somehow selectively killed only Christians. Links: Switzerland, Jews
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1348 |
The Black Plague struck the Mediterranean Basin. Links: Italy, Spain, France, Microbiology
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1348 |
The population of Siena, Italy, dropped from 97,000 to 45,000 in a few months due to the Black Plague. Bernardo Tolomei, nearly blind founder of the Benedictine Congregation of Santa Maria di Monte Oliveto in the 1340s, died along with 82 of his monks after leaving the safety of his monastery to tend to plague victims in Siena. In 2009 the Vatican declared him a saint. Links: Italy, Microbiology, Saint
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1348 |
In Istanbul Genoese merchants rebuilt an old wooden lighthouse that dated from the 6th century. The Galata Tower was rebuilt in stone. Links: Italy, Turkey
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1348 |
The Black Plague struck England and wiped out a third of the population. Links: Britain, Microbiology
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1349 Nov 1 |
Duke of Brabant ordered the execution of all Jews in Brussels. He accused them of poisoning the wells. Links: Belgium
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1349 |
L'Aquila in central Italy was devastated by an earthquake. Links: Italy, Earthquake
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1349 |
In Belgium a church was built in Geel to honor St. Dymphna (Dimpna). According to Christian tradition she was the daughter of a 7th century pagan Irish king and his Christian wife who fled to Geel, Belgium following the death of her mother. Her father found her in Geel and struck off her head when she refused to return home and rebuffed his incestuous desires. Links: Belgium, Ireland, Saint
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1350 |
Sargis Pitsak, Armenian artist, produced illuminated manuscripts of the bible. Color picture "Souls Ascending the Heavenly Ladder to Christ," featured in: Links: Armenia, Bible
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1350 |
The Fremont Indians, who had lived in Utah’s Range Creek Canyon since about 200, disappeared from the archeological record. Links: USA, Utah, AmerIndian
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1350 1500 |
There was cold and drought during this period in Central Asia as temperatures came down with low rainfall and low productivity. The climatic effect on Sindh was that Jam Banbhniyo Samma, tried to capture some areas of Delhi Sultanate in the Multan Sarkar and also south in Gujarat. Links: India, Drought
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1350 |
Chinese landscape artist Huang Gongwang (1269-1354) painted "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains" about this time. The Yuan Dynasty painting was torn into two pieces some 360 years later by a private collector who tried to burn it as he was dying, but a relative quickly saved it from the flames Since 1949 one part has been stored in Taipei's Palace Museum, after the two sides separated during a civil war. In 2011 an exhibit in Taiwan reunited the two pieces. Links: Artist, China, Taiwan
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1351 |
The east African Kingdom of Dongala became hemmed in by Muslim states such as Kordofan and Darfur and was forced to surrender to Egypt its territory north of the third cataract. Axum was harried by the Muslims of Funj and the people retreated into the mountains and developed into the isolated Christian kingdom of Ethiopia. Links: Ethiopia
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1351 1767 |
The Ayutthaya Kingdom, a Siamese kingdom, existed during this period. The port city of Ayutthaya (Thailand) was one of the capitals of the kingdom until the Burmese invaded, sacked the city and left it in ruins. The capital was then moved to Bangkok. Prior to this Phananchoeng was the capital. Links: Burma, Myanmar, Thailand
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1352 Dec 18 |
Etienne Aubert was elected as Pope Innocentius VI. Links: Vatican
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1352 |
The gothic Cathedral of Our Lady was begun in Antwerp, Belgium. It was completed in the 16th century. Links: Belgium
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1355 Dec 20 |
Stephen Urosh IV of Serbia died while marching to attack Constantinople. Links: Byzantium, Romans
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1355 |
Charles IV, King of Bohemia, was crowned King of the Holy Roman Empire. Links: Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire, Czechoslovakia
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1356 Sep 19 |
In a landmark battle of the Hundred Years' War, English Prince Edward, the Black Prince, defeated the French at Poitiers. Jean de Clermont, French marshal, died in battle. Links: Britain, France
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1356 |
Algirdas of Lithuania acquired Bryansk through inheritance and gave it to his son, Dmitry the Elder. Until the end of the century, the town was contested between Jogaila, Vytautas, Svitrigaila, and Yury of Smolensk. Links: Russia, Lithuania
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1357 |
In Switzerland Konrad Mueller killed Heinrich Stucki. To atone Mueller promised to always pay to keep an eternal lamp lit. In 2013 a court in Glarus canton ruled that the current farm owner no longer has to pay $76 each year for oil and candles because Swiss mortgage reforms in the mid-19th century made the practice invalid. Links: Switzerland
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1358 |
The French peasantry staged an uprising that came to be called the Jacquerie revolt. It was in part a reaction to widespread poverty during the Hundred Years War. Peasants revolted against the écorcheurs (mercenaries who fought in the war), who pillaged their land, and the nobles, who made extortionate demands but did not protect them. Links: France
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1358 |
The Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, begun in 1238, was completed on the site of a previous fortress. Links: Spain
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1359 1460 |
Owain Glyndwr (Owen Glendower), leader of a bloody revolt against Henry IV in 1400. The event was marked by a comet. Links: Wales
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1359 |
Jeanne de Clisson (b.1300), also known as Jeanne de Belleville and the Lioness of Brittany, died. She was a Breton former noblewoman who became a privateer to avenge her husband after he was executed for treason by the French king. She plied the English Channel and targeted French ships, often slaughtering the crew, leaving few alive. Links: Britain, Women, Pirates
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1360 |
In Spain Francesc Castello was beheaded in front of his own bank following bankruptcy. Links: Spain, Banking
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